Ch 14 psychological disorders

psychopathology

sickness or disorder of the mind

etiology

factors that contribute to the development of a disorder

diathesis-stress model

proposes that a disorder may develop when an underlying vulnerability is coupled with a precipitating

phobia

fear of a specific object or situation that is out of proportion with any actual threat

generalized anxiety disorder

a diffuse state of constant anxiety not associated with any specific object or event

panic disorder

an anxiety disorder that consists of sudden, overwhelming attacks of terror

agoraphobia

an anxiety disorder marked by fear of being in situations from which escape may be difficult or impossible

obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)

a disorder characterized by frequent intrusive thoughts that create anxiety and compulsive actions that temporarily reduce the anxiety

posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

A mental disorder that involves frequent nightmares, intrusive thoughts, and flashbacks related to an earlier trauma

major depressive disorder

mood disorder, characterized by extremely depressed moods or a lack of interest in normally pleasurable activities, that persists for two weeks or more

persistent depressive disorder

mood disorder, characterized by mildly or moderately depressed moods, that persists for at least two years

bipolar I disorder

mood disorder characterized by extremely elevated moods during manic episodes

• Ex. Sarah hasn’t slept in 5 days. She feels invincible, spends thousands of dollars on things she doesn’t need, and starts multiple projects she never finishes. She talks rapidly, jumps between ideas, and gets irritated when interrupted. Her behavior is so extreme, her family takes her to the hospital.

bipolar II disorder

mood disorder characterized by alternating periods of extremely depressed and mildly elevated moods

• Ex. Jason feels unusually energetic and confident for a few days. He’s more social, sleeps less, and gets more done at work—but he’s still in control. A week later, he falls into a deep depression for over two weeks, struggling to get out of bed or feel joy.

schizophrenia

a psychological disorder characterized by a split between thought and emotion where a person has difficulty distinguishing whether altered thoughts, perceptions, and conscious experiences are real versus what are imagined

positive symptoms (added to a person’s normal experience)

symptoms of schizophrenia that are marked by excesses in functioning, such as delusions, hallucinations, and disorganized speech or behavior

negative symptoms (removed from a person’s normal experience)

symptoms of schizophrenia that are marked by deficits in functioning, such as apathy, lack of emotion, and slowed speech and movement

delusions

false beliefs based on incorrect inferences about reality

hallucinations

false sensory perceptions that are experienced without an external source

disorganized speech

speaking in an incoherent way that involves frequently changing topics and saying strange or inappropriate things

disorganized behavior

acting in strange or unusual ways, including strange movement of limbs and inappropriate self-care, such as failing to dress properly or bathe

borderline personality disorder (BPD)

a personality disorder characterized by disturbances in identity, in moods, and in impulse control

• desperate efforts to avoid real or imagined abandonment

• impulsive, self-destructive behaviors, especially under stress

antisocial personality disorder (APD)

a personality disorder marked by disregard for and violation of the rights of others and by lack of remorse.

dissociative amnesia

mental disorder that involves disruptions of memory for personal facts or loss of conscious awareness for a period of time

dissociative identity disorder (DID)

the occurrence of two or more distinct identities in the same individual

autism spectrum disorder

a developmental disorder characterized by deficits in social interaction, by impaired communication, and by restricted, repetitive behavior and interests

attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

a disorder characterized by excessive activity or fidgeting, inattentiveness, and impulsivity

medical student syndrome

a phenomenon where medical students and residents develop symptoms of diseases they are studying

• we cannot diagnose ourselves or others

what are the four criteria for determining whether something is psychopathology?

1. Does it deviate from cultural norms for what is acceptable?

2. Is it maladaptive?

3. Is it self-destructive?

4. Does it cause discomfort and concern to others?

what are 4 perspectives psychologists need to investigate to fully understand a disroder?

1. Identify the etiology: factors that contribute to the development of a disorder

2. assess the symptoms

3. group symptoms into meaningful categories to make a diagnosis

4. identify possible treatments

Tammy had a horrible time last year. Her best friend died in a car accident, she was laid off at work, and her boyfriend broke up with her. She started to develop symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), which did not surprise her dad, since both he and his mother have GAD. In the diathesis-stress model, last year’s events represent the ___, and her family’s history of GAD is the _____.

A. stress; diathesis

B. stress; stress

C. diathesis. diathesis

D. diathesis; stress

A. stress; diathesis

biopsychosocial approach

states that most psychological disorders are influenced by biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors

• when the three factors combine and interact it produces psychological disorders

what are some ways disordered thoughts and behaviors can be assessed?

interviews, self-reports, observations, psychological testing

supernatural causes

in premodern societies mental disturbance was often thought to indicate possession by a spirit

What is the medical model?

1. Etiology: causation and development of the disorder

2. Diagnosis: identifying (symptoms) and distinguishing one disease from another

3. Treatment: treating a disorder in a psychiatric hospital

4. Prognosis: forecast about the disorder

What did critics of the DSM argue about?

They argued that labels can stigmatize individuals.

dimensional approach

recognizes that symptoms exists on a spectrum.

• it looks at severity, frequency, and intensity or symptoms

Which of the following is NOT an explanation of what the DSM-5 does?

A. it categorizes psychological disorders using a dimensional approach.

B. It provides specific criteria that must be met for diagnosing a person with a disorder.

C. It describes disorders in terms of observable symptoms.

D. it treats mental disorders as separate and not as comorbid.

D. it treats mental disorders as separate and not as comorbid.

comorbidity

the simultaneous presence of two or more diseases or medical conditions in a patient

What are the three manifestations of anxiety?

1. Cognitive manifestation

2. Somatic manifestation

3. Behavioral manifestation

Cognitive manifestation

thoughts ranging from worry to panic

somatic manifestation

changes in muscular tension, indigestion

behavioral manifestation

avoidance of fear-inducing situations

What are four types of anxiety disorders?

phobias, generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, agoraphobia

Cognitive model of panic disorder

• feedback loop which causes catastrophic misinterpretation of bodily sensations

  • leads to increasing level of anxiety

  • which then leads to increase in autonomic responses

what are 5 major symptoms of Schizophrenia?

1. Delusions

2. Hallucinations

3. Disorganized speech

4. Disorganized behavior

5. Negative symptoms

diagnosis requires a person to show two or more of these symptoms

grandiose delusion

belief that the person ahs great power, knowledge, or talent

persecution delusion

belief that others are persecuting, spying on, or trying to harm the person

referential delusion

belief that objects, events, or other people have particular significance to the person, such as a belief that a stop sign has a particular personal message for the person

Your cousin is 22 years old and has just been diagnosed with schizophrenia. She says to you “The late-night disc jockey on the radio knows all my favorite songs. He plays them just for me.” Your cousin has just displayed the symptom of

A. delusions of control.

B. referential delusions.

C. delusions of persecution.

D. identity delusions.

B. referential delusions

Andy was recently diagnosed with schizophrenia. His family has learned the major symptoms of this disorder. Which of these is NOT one of those major symptoms?

A. hallucinations

B. disorganized speech

C. guilt

D. negative symptoms

C. guilt

Bridgette has received therapy for obsessive-compulsive disorder for the last 2 years. She has just had her first child and is worried that someday her son will experience the same struggles. According to the diathesis-stress model, there are two factors that will determine if this will be the case in the future. One of those factors is a diathesis, which refers to

A. the tendency of children to engage in drug use that eventually triggers a mental illness.

B. conflicted family relationships that bring out the disorder.

C. an underlying predisposition or vulnerability to the condition.

D. environmental stressors that will lead to the disorder.

C. an underlying predisposition or vulnerability to the condition.

Ezra and Chaia have a 2-year-old daughter. They've long noticed that she does not make eye contact with them, she rarely smiles, she struggles and pushes them away when they hold or hug her, and she has not developed any normal language skills. Based on this their daughter might be diagnosed with

A. attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.

B. autism spectrum disorder.

C. a specific learning disability.

D. an intellectual disability.

B. autism spectrum disorder.

Janine feels tired and irritable. This morning's news reminded her that natural disasters can strike at any time. She is also agonizing over an awkward conversation with her neighbor, who may be upset over her choice of flowers in the front beds. She is also starting to worry that she worries too much. Which anxiety disorder best describes her condition?

A. panic disorder

B. agoraphobia

C. gnomophobia

D. generalized anxiety disorder

D. generalized anxiety disorder

Laverne has a tremendous fear of cats. Although no cat has ever hurt her, every time she is near a cat she worries that it will scratch or bite her. This has led her to be unable to go to the home of friends who have a cat, even if they promise to lock the cat in another room. Which condition is Laverne most likely experiencing?

A. generalized anxiety disorder

B. panic disorder

C. a specific phobia

D. agoraphobia

C. a specific phobia

Linus has an intrusive fear of being burglarized. He can't stop thinking about the possibility of a home invasion. Several times per day and before he leaves the house, Linus checks the locks to make sure the deadbolt is engaged. Which of the following is true about his condition?

A. His disruptive thoughts are called compulsions, while his behavior of checking the locks is a relief.

B. His disruptive thoughts are called anxieties, while his behavior of checking the locks is an obsession.

C. His disruptive thoughts are called obsessions, while his behavior of checking the locks is a compulsion.

D. His disruptive thoughts are called anxieties, while his behavior of checking the locks is a relief.

C. His disruptive thoughts are called obsessions, while his behavior of checking the locks is a compulsion.

obsessions

unwanted intrusive thoughts, images, or urges that cause distress or anxiety.

compulsions

repetitive behaviors or mental acts a person feels driven to perform in response to the obsession, in order to reduce anxiety or prevent a feared event

Of the following personality disorders, which one does not belong to the same cluster as the others?

A. antisocial

B. borderline

C. narcissistic

D. paranoid

D. paranoid

Sharda believes that she hears personal messages to her from the radio station playing on her car radio. She thinks that the radio commercials are talking directly to her and that there are coded messages in the songs the radio DJ plays. Sharda's delusional thinking is most likely an example of a __________ symptom of schizophrenia.

A. disorganized

B. hallucination

C. positive

D. negative

C. positive

Stewart has a family history of mental disorders, and he also had a troubled childhood. These factors represent his underlying vulnerability to mental problems, or __________, but they do not guarantee that he will develop a psychological disorder.

A. etiology

B. diathesis

C. stress

D. continuum

B. diathesis

Wayne's behavior is marked by a disregard for others' rights and feelings. He is charming but insincere, and when he is angry, he does not hesitate to make others suffer. Which type of tendencies does Wayne exhibit?

A. schizoid

B. psychopathic

C. narcissistic

D. histrionic

B. psychopath

schizoid

involves emotional detachment, lack of interest in social relationships.

narcissistic

involves inflated self-importance and a need for admiration

Histrionic

involves excessive emotionality, attention-seeking, dramatic behavior

psychopathy

extreme antisocial behavior, lack of empathy, and manipulative traits

When his girlfriend broke up with him, Ian became depressed and engaged in a very impulsive and dramatic attempt to kill himself by taking 20 tablets of aspirin. He took himself to the hospital and immediately asked the nurse to call his ex-girlfriend to tell her what had happened. Ian does not realize that he was most likely trying to manipulate his ex-girlfriend into staying with him because he was terrified of abandonment. Ian was demonstrating the symptoms of __________ personality disorder.

A. paranoid

B. narcissistic

C. borderline

D. dependent

C. borderline

paranoid

involves distrust and suspicion

dependent

involves clinging behavior and difficulty making decisions

Which of the following scenarios describes someone with autism spectrum disorder?

A. Isis is an intelligent girl, but she has a stutter and tends to make inappropriate responses in conversation.

B. Bella is disruptive in class, and she often fidgets and loses track of tasks.

C. Tim shows pervasive difficulty learning basic skills of daily living as well as academic material. He will probably need lifelong support.

D. At around age 2, Felix stopped speaking, making eye contact with people, and responding to his own name.

D. At around age 2, Felix stopped speaking, making eye contact with people, and responding to his own name.

Which of the following scenarios describes the concept of comorbidity?

A. Taylor's anxiety is high enough to cause panic attacks.

B. On a continuum, Taylor is moderately anxious.

C. Taylor feels somewhat anxious in social situations, but not enough to disrupt her daily functioning.

D. Taylor has a dual diagnosis of major depression and panic disorder.

D. Taylor has a dual diagnosis of major depression and panic disorder.

Which of the following statements about attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is FALSE?

A. People with ADHD show less overall activation in the frontal and limbic regions of the brain.

B. Children typically outgrow ADHD by the time they enter adulthood.

C. Children are generally not diagnosed with ADHD until they enter structured settings such as school.

D. ADHD has a genetic component.

B. Children typically outgrow ADHD by the time they enter adulthood.

Which of these scenarios best describes a control delusion?

A. Jules believes that his behavior is being dictated by signals from a satellite.

B. Lars believes that billboards advertising a local grocery store contain personal messages meant for him.

C. Louise believes that she is an undercover spy for a foreign nation.

D. Susan believes that her stepmother is trying to poison her food.

A. Jules believes that his behavior is being dictated by signals from a satellite.

1. Which of the following college students is most likely at risk of developing a psychological disorder?

A. Elijah, who has frequent disagreements with classmates that make them uncomfortable

B. Jan, who likes to sing and dance at her desk even though her teachers sometimes yell at her for

doing it

C. Jeremy, who has uncontrollable urges to eat nonedible objects, such as chalk, so often that

these urges interfere with his life

D. Emily, who likes to ride the elevator facing backward, even though most people face forward

C. Jeremy, who has uncontrollable urges to eat nonedible objects, such as chalk, so often that

Crystal points out that abuse in childhood can create a predisposition in women for depression, which can be triggered by stress later in life. Based on this statement, Crystal seems to adhere to the ______ regarding the cause of disorders.

A. assessment approach

B. biopsychosocial approach

C. psychopathology model

D. diathesis-stress model

D. diathesis-stress model

Kat constantly worries, even over small things. She is always on high alert and is so easily distracted that she had to quit her job. This information suggests that Kat would most likely be diagnosed with

______.

A. social anxiety disorder

B. generalized anxiety disorder

C. panic disorder

D. agoraphobia

B. generalized anxiety disorder

4. Mary experiences feelings of deep sadness that last for several months at a time and make it hard for her to get out of bed to care for her children. However, she sometimes experiences short periods where she is a bit more creative and energized than normal and is able to succeed at her job as a book illustrator. Mary is most likely experiencing ______ disorder.

A. bipolar I

B. major depressive

C. bipolar II

D. persistent depressive

C. bipolar II

William hears a voice inside his head that urges him to steal money and lab equipment from a medical research center. William is most likely experiencing ______, which are a ______ symptom

of schizophrenia.

A. hallucinations; positive

B. delusions; positive

C. hallucinations; negative

D. delusions; negative

A. hallucinations; positive

Warren has schizophrenia. He believes that a chip has been implanted in his brain and that it transmits his thoughts about the company to his boss. Warren’s belief is best characterized as a

______ delusion.

A. grandiose

B. identity

C. referential

D. persecution

D. persecution

During conversations with his therapist, Paul often makes comments that reveal his vast mood swings, unstable relationships, and impulsivity. As a result, Paul’s therapist would probably characterize him as having ______ personality disorder.

A. avoidant

B. borderline

C. paranoid

D. dependent

B. borderline

Twin sisters Molly and Holly both have peculiar psychological conditions. Once, Molly woke up on

her kitchen floor, not knowing her name or how she came to be in her house. Holly disappeared and

turned up a month later in a different state, living as “Nicole” and with no memory of her former life.

Molly most likely has dissociative ______, whereas Holly most likely has dissociative ______.

A. fugue; amnesia

B. identity disorder; amnesia

C. amnesia; fugue

D. identity disorder; fugue

C. amnesia; fugue

Rhiannon is a 3-year-old who does not talk yet. When her parents talk to her, Rhiannon does not look

at them or smile. Rhiannon’s attention is mainly captured by anything related to dinosaurs. For hours,

she will play with dinosaur figures or watch TV shows about dinosaurs. Based on this information,

Rhiannon is most likely to be diagnosed with ______.

A. a specific learning disorder

B. an intellectual disability

C. a motor disorder

D. autism spectrum disorder

D. autism spectrum disorder

Louis, a 7-year-old, has a hard time keeping friends. Although he can be very friendly and outgoing,

he is inattentive to classmates. During recess, he acts impulsively, often running from group to group

and interrupting their games. Louis’s behavior is most consistent with having ______.

A. autism spectrum disorder

B. attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder

C. communication disorder

D. a motor disorder

B. attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder

dissociative fugue

involves a loss of identity in conjunction with travel to a new location and sometimes assuming a new identity

Cluster A, Odd/Eccentric

paranoid personality disorder, schizoid personality disorder, schizotypal personality disorder

Cluster B, Dramatic/Emotional/ Erratic

antisocial personality disorder, borderline personality disorder, histrionic personality disorder, narcissistic personality disorder

Cluster C, anxious/fearful

avoident personality disorder, dependent personality disorder, obsessive-compulsive personality disorder