topic 4 errors

Which method is most likely to be successful in decreasing the frequency of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in populations of people?

A. Give people lower doses of antibiotics to treat disease.

B. Test more people to determine if they are infected with antibiotic-resistant bacteria.

C. Vaccinate more people to reach herd immunity against bacteria that cause diseases common in human populations.

C

describe the primary structure of all proteins (2)

• the sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain, held together by peptide bonds

universal genetic code

same codon / triplet always codes for the same amino acid

degenerate dna code

more than one triplet / codon codes for each amino acid

describe how the appearance of the area showing DNA in a TEM image of a eukaryotic cell would differ from a prokaryotes (3)

• nucleus

• nucleolus

• mitochondria / chloroplasts would contain DNA

where does transcription occur in a eukaryotic cell

nucleus

describe the role of haemoglobin in the loading, transport, and unloading of oxygen (6)

1. Hb binds with / associates with oxygen in the lungs

2. at high pO2

3. binding of an oxygen molecule to Hb makes binding another oxygen molecule easier

4. oxygen transported as oxyhaemoglobin in red blood cells

5. Hb unloads / dissociates oxygen at respiring tissues

6. at low pO2

describe the translation of mRNA (6)

1. mRNA attaches to ribosome

2. tRNA bring a specific amino acid. tRNA anticodons bind to complimentary mRNA codons, forming hydrogen bonds

3. amino acids are joined by peptide bonds

4. with the use of ATP

5. tRNA is released

6. the ribosome moves along the mRNA to form the polypeptide

explain the roll of tRNA in translation (2)

1. Anticodon (on tRNA) binds to (complementary) codon (on mRNA);

2. (tRNA) brings/carries specific amino acid (to ribosome);

name two biological molecules coded for by a gene, that aren’t polypeptides or protein

1. rRNA

2. tRNA

3. mRNA

function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum

production / transport of proteins

function of smooth endoplasmic reticulum

production / storage / modificaton / packaging of lipids

what are ribosomes made of (2)

rRNA and protein

name 5 differences between the structures of mRNA and DNA

DNA has deoxyribose, mRNA has ribose;

2. DNA has thymine, mRNA has uracil;

3. DNA long, mRNA short;

4. DNA is double stranded, mRNA is single stranded

Accept ‘double helix’ for ‘double stranded’ and ‘single helix’ for ‘single stranded’

5. DNA has hydrogen bonds, mRNA has no hydrogen bonds OR DNA has (complementary) base pairing, mRNA does not;