psychology ib HL vocab

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Quantitative Research

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67 Terms

1

Quantitative Research

  • in the form of numbers (experiment)

  • aim: numerically expression characterizes behaviour of large groups of individuals

  • pros: speed, scientific, generalize

  • cons: no context, no flexiblity

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Qualitative Research

  • in form of text (interview, observation)

  • aim: an in-depth study

  • pros: flexible, context

  • cons: subjective, small sample

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3

Meta Analysis

  • Variety of data sources → high external validity

  • research bias/confirmation bias (can choose their own study to fit the thesis) → low internal validity

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4

Experimental Studies

  • manipulate variables: IV and DV

  • control all other variables

  • aim: cause and effect relationship

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Correlational Studies

  • no manipulation on variables

  • aim: locate a pattern

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Descriptive Studies

  • no mapulation on variables

  • approach variable seperately

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7

Sample

Partipants in a research

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8

Sampling

Process finding a sample

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9

Credibility

The extent the study do what it say (qualitative)

  • By sharing the result with the participants, they can confirm the result → increasefa credibility

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10

Reliability

can the study be replicated

  • eg. case study is not replicable → no reliability

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Bias

error which affect how the result reflects reality

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12

Random Sampling

  • random selection

  • pros: no bias

  • cons: can be not a representive for the target population (quantitative)

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13

Stratified Sampling

  • groups are made based on shared charateristic

  • pros: more focus on the research

  • cons: harder analyse?, bias (quantitative)

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Self-selected sampling

  • participant volunteers to be in a study

  • pro: reduce time looking for participant

  • cons: can be unrepresentive -> lower population validity (quantitative)

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15

Opportunity sampling

  • anyone who is convenience

  • pro: reduce time looking for participant

  • cons: can be unrepresentive -> lower population validity (quantitative)

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Purposive Sampling

  • particpants are recuited based on certain charateristic

  • cons: low external validity (qualitative)

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snowball sampling

  • particpant invites other participants

  • occurs when limited participants (qualitative)

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18

Observation

  • observe people with no, little contact or control

  • pros: high accuracy (closed to 1st hand experience)

  • cons: time and money

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19

Covert observation

  • the observees are not informed

  • pros: avoid demanding charateristic or participant bias

  • cons: ethics (consent)

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Overt observation

  • observees give consent

  • pros: ethics

  • cons: social desirability effect, expectancy effect

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21

Independent Measures Design

  • each participant can be only in one group/condition of the experiment

  • Strength: no order effect

  • Limitation: participant variability

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Matched Pairs Design

put in group based on certain charateristics

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Repeated Measures Design

the conditions of the groups are compared rather than the participants

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Order Effects

How the order of things can affect the result

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Participant Variability

the prior difference between the participants

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Construct Validity

concern about how the experiment is constructed (setting, participation, etc)

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Internal Validity

the extent which the study do what it says (quantitative)

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External Validity

  • the extend which the study can be generalized

  • include population and ecological validity

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Population Validity

the extend which the study can be generalized to its target population

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ecological validity

the extent which the result can be applied to other setting

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History

Past events which can impacts the DV

  • Only for longitudinal study

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Maturation

the amount the participant grow during the experiment

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Experimental Mortality

participant's drop out

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34

Demand Characteristics

how particpants change their behaviour to fit the what they think is demanded or acceptable

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Experimenter Bias

researcher's bias (quantitative)

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Double-blind designs

Both the people conduct the experiment and participants are decepted

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Quasi-experiments

  • used of pre-existing group

  • some manipulation

  • pros: high external validity

  • cons: no cause and effect relationship

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Natural experiments

  • real life setting

  • pre-existing group

  • no control

  • pros: high ecological validity

  • cons: low internal validity

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Field experiments

  • real life setting

  • pre-existing group

  • some manipulation

  • pros: high ecological validity

  • cons: low internal validity

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40

confounding variable

variables which have potential to affect IV and DV

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Representativeness

representation of the target audience

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Target population

population the study is targeted

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Generalizability

The extent the result can be applied outside the sample

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Triangulation

different techniques are used to collect data → confirmation

Type: data and method triangulation

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Establishing a rapport

Researchers ensure that participants are honest

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Reflexivity

research acknowledge or take their bias into account

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Epistemological Reflexivity

acknowledge of the strength and limitation of a method

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Personal Reflexivity

acknowledge of the prior belief or expectation of research has

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Thick Description

The explanation, description which an outsiders can find meaning from

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50

Acquiescence Bias

Being positive no matter the situation (participant bias)

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social desirability bias

The desire to be acceptance influences the patient's behaviours (participant bias)

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52

Confirmation Bias

researcher unintentionally tries to prove his/her prior belief (researcher bias)

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53

Sampling Bias

when the sample does not satisfy the research's purpose

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54

Biased Reporting

when the finding of study is more lean on one event rather talk about all the finding equally

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55

Participant Observation

observers is the people in the observed group

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Structured Observation

information is recorded systematically and in a standardized way (ex: table, chart)

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Instructed Observation

no structure, observers simply register whatever behaviours they find noteworthy

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Interview

researchers asked question and participant answers

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Interview Transcript

the transcript of the interview

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60

Structured Interviews

there is an order which question must be asked

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Semi-structured Interviews

There are required question but no order

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Unstructured Interviews

there are no structured and required question, it is solely based on the participant's performance

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63

Focus Group

An interview with a group of people at the same time. The questions would be discussed in the group

  • Pros: more observation (body language, interaction)

  • Cons: time consuming, dominant response, social desirablitiy effect

  • sampling bias: exculding people who does not have a specific characteristics

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64

Inductive Content Analysis

The method to analyze text from the participants to find a pattern. recurring themes.

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65

Case Study

Use to invest a certain case or event

  • Pro: rare, condition which can not be created without ethical concerns

  • Cons: difficult to replicate, time consuming, researcher bias, cannot be generalized

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66

Representational generalization

apply to other populations

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67

Sample size

affect internal validity because higher participant variability

eg. a psychopath in a sample of 10 people → result 10% of the population is psychopath which is not necessary true :DD

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