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Ventral
abdominal part of the body, equivalent to the front (anterior) of humans
Dorsal
back/posterior of humans
Anterior
front part of the body
Posterior
black part of the body
Keystone Species
a species that largely affects an ecosystem, and without them, the ecosystem would be drastically different
Apex Predator
a type of predator that is on the top of a food chain (it's not a prey)
Invasive Species
an additional species to an environment that can cause harm
Biosphere
the region of the atmosphere that is occupied by life (all living things on Earth)
Biome
complex biotic community characterized by distinctive plant and animal species and maintained under the climatic conditions of the region
Ecosystem
an area where living and nonliving things interact
Community
all living things in an area
Population
all members of a species in an area
Predator
an organism that kills other species for food
Prey
the organism that's killed as food and eaten by the predator
Parasite
an organism that lives on/in another species
Host
the species that a parasite lives on/in
Decomposer
organisms that break down dead organisms
Scavenger
organisms that eat dead organisms left over by predators
Tropical Rainforest Biome Location
Central America, South America, Southeast Asia, Middle of Africa; basically around the equator
Temperate Deciduous Forest Biome Location
North America (where we live), most of Europe, + Northeast Asia; in between biomes
Desert Biome Location
along the equator; Northern Africa, + Middle East
Tundra Biome Location
northern part of the world; Alaska, Canada, + Russia
Taiga Biome Location
below the tundra; Europe, Asia, + North America
Temperate Grassland Biome Location
North America, South America, Europe, + Asia
Savanna Biome Location
Mainly Africa, South America, India, + Australia
Freshwater Lakes Biome Location
all over the world; North America (the Great Lakes), Europe, + Africa
Marine - Coral Reefs Biome Location
shallow, warm waters of the tropics; near shores, beaches, and sea cliffs; Pacific Ocean + Indian Ocean
Marine - Open Ocean Biome Location
deep ocean, away from shore
Tropical Rainforest
many animals + trees
most biodiverse biome
warm + rainy all year long
covers 6% of Earth
Temperate Deciduous Forest
in between biomes
mild climate - 4 seasons
a forest with trees that lose their leaves
around 30-60 inches of precipitation (low and distributed)
Desert
dry climate - little rainfall
extreme temperature changes
sparse vegetation
Tundra
cold climate - long harsh winters + short cool summers
permafrost
covers 20% of Earth
very little vegetation - treeless
Taiga
coniferous forests (trees that have needle-like leaves)
long, snowy winters + short, mild summers
variety of wildlife
largest land biome
Temperate Grassland
moderate climate - hot summers, cold winters
transitional biome
wide expanse of grasses + few trees
Savanna
warm climate - wet + dry season
scattered trees
wildfires are common
Freshwater Lakes
oligotrophic/eutrophic
water temperature, pH levels, and sunlight depend on location + season
still water (not salty)
Marine - Coral Reefs
sunlight differs
coral reefs location here
warm, shallow, + clear waters
holds more marine diversity than open ocean
Marine - Open Ocean
covers 45% of Earth
salt density differs
sparsely populated
different zones of temperatures and sunlight
Oligotrophic
low-nutrient rich, clear lakes
Eutrophic
high-nutrient-rich, murky lakes
Trees in the Tropical Rainforest
tall (up to 200 ft tall)
shallow roots
diverse
Trees in the Temperate Deciduous Forest
deep roots
trees' leaves change color and fall off in autumn
moderate height (50-100 ft tall)
Trees in the Tundra
none
Trees in the Taiga
conical (cone-like) shape + evergreen needles
coniferous trees (trees with needles)
shallow roots
Trees in the Temperate Grassland
deep roots
very few trees
trees are spaces apart
Trees in the Savanna
scattered trees
deep roots
more trees than the grassland
Seasons in the Savanna
2 season = wet season + dry season
wet season in summer months
dry season in winter months
Seasons in the Temperate Deciduous Forest
4 seasons: winter, summer, spring, + fall
warm summers
cold winters
Seasons in the Arctic Tundra
2 season - long cold winter + short, cool summer
winter month = very little sunlight and very cold
Permafrost Impact in Tundra
Permafrost is a layer of soil that is frozen throughout the year. Permafrost is the reason why there are no trees in the biome as plants can't grow and obtain nutrients from the soil.
Photic Zones
upper layer of water that receives sunlight
Aphotic Zones
lower layer of water that doesn't receive sunlight
Greenhouse Effect + Carbon Cycle
The greenhouse effect "is the natural warming of the earth that results when gasses in the atmosphere trap heat from the sun that would otherwise escape into space." The Carbon Cycle is the movement of carbon through the ecosystems.
Competition
struggle for resources
Mutualism
when both species benefit from an interaction
Commensalism
when one species benefits, but the other one is unaffected
Predation
when one species kills another and eats it for food
Parasitism
when one species benefits while the other is harmed
Trophic Cascades
effect of changing in one trophic level on other trophic levels
Exponential Growth
rapid population growth (only when there are unlimited resources)
Logistic Growth
population growth slows down as it reaches carrying capacity (when there are limited resources)
Carrying capacity
the maximum population size an ecosystem can sustain
Limiting Factors
factors that limit population growth
Density Dependent Limiting Factor
limiting factors affect by population size
Density Independent Limiting Factor
limiting factors not affected by population size
Limiting Factors of Population Growth
food + water
living space
weather + random events
Ecological Niche
the role of a species in an ecosystem
Generalist
species that can survive in many environments
Specialist
species that can only survive in specific environments
Resource Partitioning
species divide resources to avoid excessive competition
Levels of Classification
Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species (Did King Philip Come Over From Germany Saturday)
Binomial Nomenclature
the two-part naming system for species (the first word is the Genus and the second is the species; Genus species)
Which levels are more inclusive?
The higher the level, the more inclusive it is (like Family is more inclusive than Genus)
3 Main Domains
Eubacteria, Archaea, Eukarya
Eubacteria
common bacteria
prokaryotic
unicellular
Archaea
live in extreme environments
prokaryotic
unicellular
Eukarya
eukaryotic
unicellular or multicellular
all protists, fungi, plants, and animals
5 Main Kingdoms (5 or 6 depends)
Monera (Bacteria and Archaea)
Protist (Protista)
Plant (Plantae)
Fungi (Fungus)
Animal (Animalia)
Monera
same criteria as Domain
Protist
typically unicellular
autotroph + heterotroph
eukaryotic
Plant
multicellular
autotrophs
eukaryotic
cell wall (made of cellulose)
Fungi
mostly multicellular
heterotrophs (decomposers eat on the dead matter)
cell wall (made of chitin)
eukaryotic
Animal
multicellular
heterotroph
no cell wall
eukaryotic
winter month = very little sunlight and very cold