Introduction to Chemistry

chemical level

atoms combine to form molecules

cellular level

cells are made up of molecules

tissue system

consist of similar types of cells

organ level

made up of different types of tissues

organ system level

organ systems consist of different organs that work closely together

organismal level

human organism is made up many organ systems

matter

anything with weight or takes up space

if you add energy to solid what would happen?

liquid to gas

if you remove energy to gas what would happen?

liquid to solid

proton electrical charge and mass

+1 & -1

neutron electrical charge and mass

0 & 1

electron electrical charge and mass

-1 & 0

solution particles

very tiny, do not settle out or scatter light

e.g. mineral water

colloid particles

solute particles are larger than solution and scatter light, do not settle out

e.g. gelatin

suspension

solute particles are very large, settle out and may scatter light

e.g. blood

number of electron shells that electrons occupy until

seven

octet rule

except for first shell with 2 electrons, atoms interact in a manner to have 8 electrons in the outermost shell

ionic bonding

transfer of valence electron shell electrons between atoms

anions (- charge) have gained one or more electrons

cations(+ charge) have lost one or more electrons

covalent bonding

sharing of valence electron shells between atoms

nonpolar covalent bond

bonding electrons shared equally between two atoms

no charges on atoms

polar covalent bond

bonding electrons shared unequally between two atoms

partial charges on atoms

ionic bond

complete transfer of one or more valence electrons

full charges on resulting ions

hydrogen bonding

has dipoles

acid

donate a proton (H) to something else

base

accept a proton

carbohydrates are made up of

saccharides, glucose, starches and fiber

atp consists of

3 phosphate groups, ribose, and adenine

transport work of ATP

ATP phosphorylates transport proteins activating them to transport solute ions across cell membranes

mechanical work of ATP

ATP phosphorylates contractile proteins in muscle cells so that cells can shorten

chemical work of ATP

ATP phosphorylates key reactants providing energy to drive energy absorbing chemical reactions