Mapping

nMercator Projection

nMercator Projection

nDepicts Earth as if a large cylinder of paper wrapped around the planet

Mercator advj

shows true directions as straight lines rather than curved

Mercator cons

distorts the areas near the poles. It makes Greenland look twice as large as U.S.

Gnomonic Projection (Planar Projection

nLooks like it was made as if a sheet of paper had been laid on a point on Earth’s surface (poles)

Gnomonic Projection pros

nHelpful because……accurately shows shortest distance between 2 points.

Gnomonic Projection cons

nProblem is……distorts landmass shapes away from the center point

Gnomonic Projection useful for

nUsed for planning ocean/air voyages and for depicting polar regions

nPolyconic Projection

nMade as if a cone of paper had been wrapped around Earth

Polyconic Projection pros

nLandforms show true shape and size

Polyconic Projection cons

nLines of latitude/longitude are curved

Polyconic Projection uses

can map large areas of land that fall in the middle latitudes especially in U.S.

Latitude lines circle the world from

East to West

Latitude measure in degrees

North or South of the Equator

Equator’s latitude

0*

Longitude lines are called

Me4ridians

Prime Meridian is a

longitude line

They run from

nNorth to South and are half circles

Measured in degrees

nEast and West of Prime Meridian which is 0 degrees longitude.

Topographic Maps

nShows the natural and human made surfaces (called topography)

Topographic Maps

nIndicates landforms like cliffs, mts, beaches, bodies of water, and buildings

Topographic Maps

nThey must show relief(highs and lows) using CONTOUR LINES

Contour lines indicate

landscapes elevation and are connected to other EQUAL numbers within the map.

Contour interval

difference between 2 consecutive contour lines. Usually given as a scale on the map.

HASHMARKS on a topo. Map indicate

a depression/valley/lowering in elevation

Nebular Hypothesis

the theory that the solar and stellar systems were developed from a primeval nebula

birth of the sun

Began shrinking under own gravity

Rotate faster

Dense materials towards middle

Compression happened

Hydrogen Fusion EQUALS BOOM….Sun born

Planetesimals?

1. a minute planet; a body that could or did come together with many others under gravitation to form a planet.

how do we know bulge at center at skinnier at poles?

because of a force created by Earth's rotation. As a result, a person on the equator is over 13 miles farther from Earth's center than a person on the North Pole

what is the name of earth’s proper shape

oblate spheroid.

Earths interior

is composed of four layers, three solid and one liquid

what is earth's interior layers

is composed of four layers, three solid and one liquid

lithosphere

is the rigid, outermost rocky shell of a terrestrial planet or natural satellite.

asthenosphere

the upper layer of the earth's mantle, below the lithosphere, in which there is relatively low resistance to plastic flow and convection is thought to occur.

lower mantle

The lower mantle lies beneath the upper mantle and surrounds the outer core. The lower mantle is characterized by extremely high pressure and temperatures of around 7,000° F

earths outer layer

a fluid layer about 2,260 km (1,400 mi) thick, composed of mostly iron and nickel that lies above Earth's solid inner core and below its mantle

inner core

a hot, dense ball of (mostly) iron. It has a radius of about 1,220 kilometers (758 miles). Temperature in the inner core is about 5,200° Celsius (9,392° Fahrenheit).

lithosphere density

the least dense laye

athenosphere density

3.3 g/cc. Denser and hotter than lithosphere above.

Difference between lithosphere and asthenosphere

The lithosphere is the brittle crust and uppermost mantle. The asthenosphere is a solid but it can flow, like toothpaste.

How is magnetic field generated

a magnetic field is produced whenever an electrical charge is in motion. The spinning and orbiting of the nucleus of an atom produces a magnetic field as does electrical current flowing through a wire.

hat is difference between geographic and magnetic poles?

The geographic North Pole is the end of the Earth's rotation axis and is the North on geographic maps. This pole lies in the middle of the Arctic Ocean. The magnetic North Pole is the point where the lines of force of the Earth's magnetic field converge.

Scientists use the movement of pendulums to provide evidence that the Earth is rotating.

Scientists use the movement of pendulums to provide evidence that the Earth is rotating.