Archaeplastida, Excavata, "SAR", Unikonta

Archaeplastida

A. Red Algae

B. "Green Algae"

C. Land Plants

This clade is defined by a clear synapomorphy

All members of this clade use chlorophyll a (chl a) as their main photosynthetic pigment ( just like cyanobacteria)

This clades three main groups include:

synapomorphy

plastids derived from primary endosymbiosis.

RED ALGAE

-Phycoerythrin

Diverse life cycles: most alternation of gener.

in addition to chl a these contain a photosynthetic pigment also found in cyanobacteria, this pigment give them the color red.

most are multicellular and marine

no flagellated cells in the life cycle: gametes are brought together by water currents

A. Nori

B. Agar

C. Coralline red algae

Most familiar or important red algae examples include

A. Most familiar as wrapper for some types of sushi

B. A polysaccharide derived from red algae , used for many things including as a growth medium for bacteria in the lab

C. secrete calcium carbonate, very important in the formation of coral reefs

"Green Algae"

THIS IS NOT A CLADE! Its a paraphyletic group made up of chlorophytes and charophytes.

in addition to chl a, these contain chl b

most are freshwater, but there are marine and terrestrial as well

some are unicellular, but each have MANY nuclei (formed by mitosis without cytokinesis)!

some are colonial (isolated cells can survive), some are multicellular(isolated cells cannot survive)

Excavata

A. Diplomonads & Parabasalids

B. Euglenozoa

This clade is best defined by DNA sequence data. all members are UNICELLULAR. (Some have a feeding groove on one side of the cell, this indentation is the reason for their name!)

Includes:

A.

B.

Diplomonads & Parabasalids

These are sister taxa.

-lack plastids

-have very reduced mitochondria (mitosomes and hydrogeneosomes)

-most found in anaerobic environments

Diplomonads

Mitosomes: do not function in respiration at all, and no longer contain any DNA

-many parasitic, including Giardia, which causes Diarrhea (don't drink natural water)

Parabasalids

Hydrogeneosomes: function anaerobic respiration, some still contain DNA

-most are symbionts of animals, some are human parasites, including Tricomonas vaginalis, the causative agent of sexually transmitted infection

Euglenozoa

A. Euglenids

B. Kinetoplastids

Sister clade to Diplomonads & Parabasalids.

ALL UNICELLULAR, and they have flagellae. one of which has typical 9+2 arrangement of microtubules, but also an additional "crystalline rod" running down its length.

Diverse in nutrition and include:

-Chemoheterotrophs

-Photoautotrophs

- Mixotrophs

- Symbionts (important parasites)

Includes:

A.

B.

Euglenids

ALL UNICELLULAR

- mostly live in freshwater

-many have plastids, which they acquired by secondary endosymbiosis with a chlorophyte! Some are mixotrophic(photosynthesize in the light, but act as chemheterotrophs in the dark.)

Kinetoplastids

THEY CAUSE SERIOUS ILLNESS

A. Trypanosoma

B. Leishmania

Unicellular with a single large mitochondrion that contains a kinetoplast ( a small mass of SNA that contains the mitochondrial genome)

-some are free-living but the best known members of this groups are parasites

A. chagas disease, sleep sickness

B. leishmaniasis

^^ both caused by the bite of some blood-sucking insect.

"SAR" Clade

Stramenopiles

Alveolates

Rhizarians

A large and extremely diverse clad grouped together phylogenetically by DNA data

The name is simply the initial of each of the major groups: S A R

Some are unicellular, some multicelluar

-Cells at at least some stage of their life cycle have a pair of flagellae, one of them longer than the other, and with "hairs"

Stramenopiles & Alveolates

Sister taxa and their common ancestor likely took up plastids by secondary endosymbiosis with a red alga

Stramenopiles

Include: Diatoms, Golden Algae, Brown Algae

Diatom

-unicellular

-each cell is protected in a silicon dioxide "box" that the cell secretes

-diatoms are major primary producers in both marine and freshwater systems: they are responsible for about 20% of the photosynthesis on earth!

Diatoms

Responsible for many of the world's oil deposits.

Used in some of filtration systems, and as an insecticide

Golden Algae

Most are unicellular, but some are colonial

-All can photosynthesize, but some are also able to act as mixotrophs

Brown Algae

"Kelp Watch 2014"

All MULITCELLULAR! Some of them get extremely large, Ex: Giant Kelp, can grow 2ft a day!

they often have an attachment structure (holdfast), a structure that looks like a stem (the stipe) and leaves (blades)

Alveolates

1. Dinoflagellates

2. Apicomplexan-Plasmodium

3. Apicomplexan-Toxoplasma

4.Ciliates

Dinoflagellates

Have extracellular cell wall made of cellulose, each has 2 flagellae in grooves in the cell wall.

Many photautotrophs, some chemheterotrophs, some mixotrophs

**Key endosymbionts of corals

Some form harmful algal blooms

Apicomplexan

A. Plasmodium

B. Toxoplasma

These are obligate parasites, mostly of animals

Each cell has an apical complex of organelles that helps them to penetrate their host cells.

They have a nonfunctioning plastid.

Includes parasites

A.

B.

Plasmodium

Malaria parasite, nearly 1 million people die from this each year!

-Diploid zygote in mosquito gut

-by meiosis, gives rise to many haploid sporozoites, these migrate to mosquito salivary gland

-once injected into human, migrate to liver. There, form haploid merozoites which infect RBC's. These reproduce through mitosis

-some make gametocytes, which are ingested by mosquitos and which form gametes.

Toxoplasma

Causes diseases in Cats( and humans and some other animals) Affect the behavior of mammalian hosts!

-Its normal life cycle is: sexual reproduction in a cate, defecated in feces, feces ingested by rat, rat ingested by cat.

-uninfected rats are terrified by the smell of cat urine, they run away

-infected rats are sexually aroused by the smell of car urine and go explore it!

Ciliates

Unicellular, move with cilia. They have 2 types of nuclei: micronuclei and macronuclei.

Most are chemoheterotrophs, though there are a few parasites in the group

1. Sex

2. Reproduction

In normal sexual reproduction there are 2 steps.

1. Mixing of genetic information from 2 individuals by meiosis ( making haploid genomes) then SYNGAMY ( fusing haploid genomes from 2 individuals, this usually happens at fertilizations.

2. formation of new individuals

Ciliates

This two steps of reproduction occur separately in

Conjugation

Sex in Ciliates is called:

You start with 2 individuals and end with 2 individuals (but the ending 2 individuals now have different genotypes than when they started)

They undergo mitosis to reproduce

Rhizarians

RHIZ:root

ALL are UNICELLULAR. All members of this group have very long, thin, threadlike pseudopodia ( extensions of the cells for locomotion and feeding)

This clade includes:

Foraminiferans

Cercozoans

Radioarians

Foraminiferans

External skeleton is made of calcium carbonate. Feed using pseudopodia, many also serve as hosts to symbiotic algae and get some nutrition from those.

Important in stratigraphy..often used by geologist searching for oil deposits

Cercozoans

Mostly chemautrotrophs (most parasites), but some photoautotrophs.

Include cholorarachniophytes, as well as one group which may have undergone a primary endosymbiosis

Radioarians

Symmetrical internal skeleton made of silica. Feed using pseudopodia, many also serve as host to symbiotic algae and get some nutrition from those.

Unikonta

A large, very diverse clade grouped together phylogenetically by DNA data. Cells only have one flagellum, if flagellae are present at all.

There are 2 major clades in this group:

Amoebozoans( slime molds, tubulinids, entamoebas)

Opisthoknots ( the rest..including fungi and animals)

Amoebozoans

A. Tubulinids

B. Entamoebas

C. Slime molds

Amoeboid cells with lobe-shpaed pseudopods (thicker than those of Rhizarians)

-A: most of the organisms we konw as "amoebas" are in this group. Unicellular, free-living, mostly heterotrophic

-B: parasitic amoebas

-C--> Plasmodial slime molds are unicellular but in diploid stage that unicell is very large and contains many nuclei, the life cycle is roughly diplontic.-->Cellular slime molds are unicellular amoebae that aggregate to amke complex multicellular structures

Opisthoknots

The single flagellum is always located at the posterior end of the cell (as in animal sperm).

This clade includes fungi, as well as animals

Nucleariids

Amoebae with thread-like pseudopodia

Choanofladellates

Unicellular or colonial, aquatic: catch food with their flagellum