Anatomy
Study of the structure of body parts and their relationship to one another
Physiology
Study of the function of body parts; how they work to carry out life-sustaining activities
Gross Anatomy
study of structures visible to the naked eye
Microscopic Anatomy
thin slices of tissue, typically stained, to be visualized under a microscope
Levels of structural organization
Atoms, Molecules, Organelles, Smooth Muscle cell, Smooth Muscle tissue, tissue
11 organ systems
Integumentary, Skeletal, Muscle, Nervous, Endocrine, Cardiovascular, Lymphatic, Respiratory, Urinary, Digestive, Reproductive
Integumentary system function
protects
synthesizes vitamins
houses pain, pressure and other receptors
Integumentary organs
Skin, hair, nails
Skeletal function
protects and supports
storage
production of blood
Skeletal organs
bones & joints
Muscle system
skeletal muscles,
manipulation of environment
locomotion
posture
produces heat
Nervous organs
Brain, spinal cord, nerves
Nervous function
responds to internal and external changes
activates muscles and glands
Endocrine organs
Pineal, Pituitary, Thyroid, thymus, adrenal, pancreas, ovary, testies
Endocrine function
secretion of hormones that regulate various process (growth, reproduction, metabolism)
Cardiovascular organs
Heart, blood vessels
Cardiovascular function
movement of blood which carries survival needs (oxygen, nutrients, carbon dioxide, wastes)
Lymphatic organs
red bone marrow, thymus, lymphatic tissues, thoracic duct, spleen, lymph nodes
Lymphatic function
initiates immune response (houses WBC)
disposes of debris
Respiratory function
supplier of oxygen to the blood and removal of carbon dioxide
Respiratory organs
nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, lungs, bronches
Digestive function
breaks down food to allow for absorption of nutrients
Digestive organs
oral cavity, esophagus, liver, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus
Urinary function
eliminates nitrogenous waste from body
maintains blood balance (water, electrolytes, ect)
Urinary organs
Kidney, ureter, urinary bladder, urethra
Reproductive function
production of offspring
Reproductive organs-FEMALE
Mammary glands, ovary, uterine tube, uterus, vagina
Reproductive organs-MALE
prostate gland, penis, testes, ductus deferens, scrotum
8 necessary life functions
Maintaining boundaries
Movement
Responsiveness
Digestion
Metabolism
Excretion
Reproduction
Growth
Maintaining boundaries
Separate our internal environment from our external environment & compartmentalizing in body ex. organs
Movement
Body movement & movement of fluids such as blood or food through the body systems, driven by muscle
responsiveness
ability to respond to stimulus, such as bug landing on arm
digestion
Chemical and mechanical breakdown of food to consume and obtain nutrients
metabolism
How are body creates energy from nutrients
excretion
removing products we are unable to digest or absorb and metabolize
urinary and rectum
reproduction
cell division
Ex. cells regrowing after arm being cut
growth
growing and developing from birth, not only in skeletal, organs also need to grow
body survival needs
Humans are multicellular, so to function, individual cells must be kept alive,
Organ systems are designed to service the cells,
All cells depend on organ systems to meet their survival needs
Survival needs
water, oxygen, food, functioning nervous system
Homeostasis
The bodies ability to maintain its internal environment while its external environment is always changing.
Body must constantly be monitored and regulated
Homeostasis receptor
monitors environment and responds to stimuli
homeostasis control center
determines set point at which variable is maintained, receives input from receptor, determines response
homeostasis effector
receives output from control center, either reduces or enhances stimuli
Negative Feedback Mechanisms
Most-used feedback mechanism in the body
The end response reduces or shuts off the original stimulus
Positive Feedback Mechanisms
The end response enhances or stimulates the original stimulus
Positive feedback examples
Enhancement of labor contractions by oxytocin
Platelet plug formation and blood clotting
Negative feedback examples
When the body's temperature rises above normal, the brain sends signals to various organs, including the skin, to release heat in the form of sweat
Anatomical position
Standard anatomical body position
Body erect
Feet slightly apart
Palms facing forward
Thumbs point away from body
superior (cranial)
above toward head
inferior (caudal)
below away from head
Medial
toward middle
Lateral
away from middle
proximal
closer to limb attachment
Distal
farther from limb attachment
superficial
above skin
deep
below skin
anterior (ventral)
in front
posterior (dorsal)
behind
Axial
Head, neck, and trunk
Appendicular
limbs
Epidermis
top layer of skin
dermis
middle layer of skin
Endocrine system
pituitary, thymus, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, pineal glands, ovaries, testes, and pancreas
Cardiovascular system
heart and blood vessels (arteries & veins)
Respiratory system
nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs
Digestive system
esophagus, stomach, small intestines, and large intestines
Digestive accessory structures
teeth, salivary glands. liver. and pancreas
Urinary system
Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra
reproductive system- MALE
testes, scrotum, and penis
reproductive system- FEMALE
ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, mammary glands, and vagina
Frontal
forehead- in cephalic region
Orbital
eye/eye cavity- in cephalic region
Nasal
nose- in cephalic region
oral
mouth- in cephalic region
mental
chin- in cephalic region
otic
ear- in cephalic region
buccal
cheek- in cephalic region
Cervical
neck
Thoracic region
chest area
Cephalic region
head area
Sternal
breastbone- in thoracic region
Axillary
Armpit- in thoracic region
Abdominal region
Middle of body area
Umbilical
Belly button-in abdominal region
Pelvic region
below abdominal in between hip bones
Inguinal
groin (above genitals)- in pelvic region
Pubic
Genitals
Acromial
shoulder- upper limb
Brachial
top of arm in between elbow and shoulder- upper limb
Antecubital
front of elbow
Olecranal
elbow
Antebrachial
forearm
Manus
hand area
Pollex
thumb- manus
Palmer
Palm- manus
Digital
Pointer finger
Metacarpel
Back of hand
Coxal
hip
femoral
thigh
patellar
knee