Anatomy and physiology exam 1

Anatomy

Study of the structure of body parts and their relationship to one another

Physiology

Study of the function of body parts; how they work to carry out life-sustaining activities

Gross Anatomy

study of structures visible to the naked eye

Microscopic Anatomy

**thin slices of tissue, typically stained, to be visualized under a microscope**

Levels of structural organization

Atoms, Molecules, Organelles, Smooth Muscle cell, Smooth Muscle tissue, tissue

11 organ systems

Integumentary, Skeletal, Muscle, Nervous, Endocrine, Cardiovascular, Lymphatic, Respiratory, Urinary, Digestive, Reproductive

Integumentary system function

protects

synthesizes vitamins

houses pain, pressure and other receptors

Integumentary organs

Skin, hair, nails

Skeletal function

protects and supports

storage

production of blood

Skeletal organs

bones & joints

Muscle system

skeletal muscles,

manipulation of environment

locomotion

posture

produces heat

Nervous organs

Brain, spinal cord, nerves

Nervous function

responds to internal and external changes

activates muscles and glands

Endocrine organs

Pineal, Pituitary, Thyroid, thymus, adrenal, pancreas, ovary, testies

Endocrine function

secretion of hormones that regulate various process (growth, reproduction, metabolism)

Cardiovascular organs

Heart, blood vessels

Cardiovascular function

movement of blood which carries survival needs (oxygen, nutrients, carbon dioxide, wastes)

Lymphatic organs

red bone marrow, thymus, lymphatic tissues, thoracic duct, spleen, lymph nodes

Lymphatic function

initiates immune response (houses WBC)

disposes of debris

Respiratory function

supplier of oxygen to the blood and removal of carbon dioxide

Respiratory organs

nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, lungs, bronches

Digestive function

breaks down food to allow for absorption of nutrients

Digestive organs

oral cavity, esophagus, liver, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus

Urinary function

eliminates nitrogenous waste from body

maintains blood balance (water, electrolytes, ect)

Urinary organs

Kidney, ureter, urinary bladder, urethra

Reproductive function

production of offspring

Reproductive organs-FEMALE

Mammary glands, ovary, uterine tube, uterus, vagina

Reproductive organs-MALE

prostate gland, penis, testes, ductus deferens, scrotum

8 necessary life functions

Maintaining boundaries

Movement

Responsiveness

Digestion

Metabolism

Excretion

Reproduction

Growth

Maintaining boundaries

Separate our internal environment from our external environment & compartmentalizing in body ex. organs

Movement

Body movement & movement of fluids such as blood or food through the body systems, driven by muscle

responsiveness

ability to respond to stimulus, such as bug landing on arm

digestion

Chemical and mechanical breakdown of food to consume and obtain nutrients

metabolism

How are body creates energy from nutrients

excretion

removing products we are unable to digest or absorb and metabolize

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*urinary and rectum*

reproduction

cell division

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*Ex. cells regrowing after arm being cut*

growth

growing and developing from birth, not only in skeletal, organs also need to grow

body survival needs

Humans are multicellular, so to function, individual cells must be kept alive,

Organ systems are designed to service the cells,

All cells depend on organ systems to meet their survival needs

Survival needs

water, oxygen, food, functioning nervous system

Homeostasis

The bodies ability to maintain its internal environment while its external environment is always changing.

Body must constantly be monitored and regulated

Homeostasis receptor

monitors environment and responds to stimuli

homeostasis control center

determines set point at which variable is maintained, receives input from receptor, determines response

homeostasis effector

receives output from control center, either reduces or enhances stimuli

Negative Feedback Mechanisms

Most-used feedback mechanism in the body

The end response __reduces or shuts off__ the original stimulus

Positive Feedback Mechanisms

The end response __enhances or stimulates__ the original stimulus

Positive feedback examples

Enhancement of labor contractions by oxytocin

Platelet plug formation and blood clotting

Negative feedback examples

When the body's temperature rises above normal, the brain sends signals to various organs, including the skin, to release heat in the form of sweat

Anatomical position

**Standard anatomical body position**

**Body erect**

**Feet slightly apart**

**Palms facing forward**

**Thumbs point away from body**

superior (cranial)

above toward head

inferior (caudal)

below away from head

Medial

toward middle

Lateral

away from middle

proximal

closer to limb attachment

Distal

farther from limb attachment

superficial

above skin

deep

below skin

anterior (ventral)

in front

posterior (dorsal)

behind

Axial

**Head, neck, and trunk**

Appendicular

limbs

Epidermis

top layer of skin

dermis

middle layer of skin

Endocrine system

pituitary, thymus, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, pineal glands, ovaries, testes, and pancreas

Cardiovascular system

heart and blood vessels (arteries & veins)

Respiratory system

nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs

Digestive system

esophagus, stomach, small intestines, and large intestines

Digestive accessory structures

teeth, salivary glands. liver. and pancreas

Urinary system

Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra

reproductive system- MALE

testes, scrotum, and penis

reproductive system- FEMALE

ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, mammary glands, and vagina

Frontal

forehead- in cephalic region

Orbital

eye/eye cavity- in cephalic region

Nasal

nose- in cephalic region

oral

mouth- in cephalic region

mental

chin- in cephalic region

otic

ear- in cephalic region

buccal

cheek- in cephalic region

Cervical

neck

Thoracic region

chest area

Cephalic region

head area

Sternal

breastbone- in thoracic region

Axillary

Armpit- in thoracic region

Abdominal region

Middle of body area

Umbilical

Belly button-in abdominal region

Pelvic region

below abdominal in between hip bones

Inguinal

groin (above genitals)- in pelvic region

Pubic

Genitals

Acromial

shoulder- upper limb

Brachial

top of arm in between elbow and shoulder- upper limb

Antecubital

front of elbow

Olecranal

elbow

Antebrachial

forearm

Manus

hand area

Pollex

thumb- manus

Palmer

Palm- manus

Digital

Pointer finger

Metacarpel

Back of hand

Coxal

hip

femoral

thigh

patellar

knee