US HISTORY DUAL FINAL

Gilded Age

1870s - 1890s; monopolies, Transcontinental railroad, Homestead Act, Dawes Act, corrupt politics and growing gap between the rich and poor

Laissez-Faire

Hands off. No government intervention in business.

Monopoly

A market in which there are many buyers but only one seller.

Andrew Carnegie

Dominated the US steel industry. Made millions with his monopoly in the steel industry. Later in his life he became a philanthropist, and began giving his fortune away to help those less fortunate.

John Rockefeller

Creator of the Standard Oil Company who made a fortune on it and joined with competing companies in trust agreements that in other words made an amazing monopoly.

Robber Baron

a negative term for business leaders that implied they built their fortunes by stealing from the public

American Federation of Labor

A labor union created by Samuel Gompers that was the ONLY labor union that only accepted skilled workers

Homestead Act

1862 - provided free land in the west as long as the person would settle there and make improvements in five years

Transcontinental Railroad

Completed in 1869 at Promontory, Utah, it linked the eastern railroad system with California's railroad system, revolutionizing transportation in the west

Dawes Act

1887 law which gave all Native American males 160 acres to farm and also set up schools to make Native American children more like other Americans

Farm Issues

Overproduction of goods led to less money for farmers.

Populist Party

Led by farmers and advocated the coinage of silver.

William Jennings Bryan

United States lawyer and politician who advocated free silver and prosecuted John Scopes (1925) for teaching evolution in a Tennessee high school

Nativism

the policy of protecting the interests of native-born or established inhabitants against those of immigrants.

Jacob Riis

Early 1900's muckraker who exposed social and political evils in the U.S. with his novel "How The Other Half Lives" exposed the poor conditions of the poor tenements in NYC

Chinese Exclusion Act

(1882) Denied any additional Chinese laborers to enter the country while allowing students and merchants to immigrate.

Social Gospel

A movement in the late 1800s / early 1900s which emphasized charity and social responsibility as a means of salvation.

Jane Addams

the founder of Hull House, which provided English lessons for immigrants, daycares, and child care classes

Theodore Roosevelt

26th President of the United States, 26th president, known for: conservationism, trust-busting, Hepburn Act, safe food regulations, "Square Deal," Panama Canal

Yellow Journalism

Journalism that exploits, distorts, or exaggerates the news to create sensations and attract readers

1898

Spanish-American War

Causes of Spanish American War

Yellow journalism, imperialism, Spain brutality to the Cubans, explosion of the USS Maine.

Spanish American War

In 1898, a conflict between the United States and Spain, in which the U.S. supported the Cubans' fight for independence

Result of Spanish American War

Philippines, Puerto Rico and Guam became territories of the US. US became a World Power

Open Door Policy

A policy proposed by the US in 1899, under which ALL nations would have equal opportunities to trade in China.

Imperialism

A policy in which a strong nation seeks to dominate other countries politically, socially, and economically.

Panama Canal

The United States built (finished) the Panama Canal to have a quicker passage to the Pacific from the Atlantic and vice versa.

Progressive Era

time at the turn of the 20th century in which groups sought to reform America economically, socially, and politically

Sherman Anti-Trust Act

First United States law to limit trusts and big business. Said that any trust that was purposefully restraining interstate trade was illegal.

Progressive Party

Also known as the "Bull Moose Party," this political party was formed by Theodore Roosevelt in an attempt to advance progressive ideas and unseat President William Howard Taft in the election of 1912.

Initiative, Referendum, Recall

Gave people back a voice in government affairs

Upton Sinclair

muckraker who shocked the nation when he published The Jungle, a novel that revealed gruesome details about the meat packing industry in Chicago. Led to the Pure Food and Drug Act.

Pure Food and Drug Act

the act that prohibited the manufacture, sale, or shipment of impure of falsely labeled food and drugs

Federal Reserve Act

a 1913 law that set up a system of federal banks and gave government the power to control the money supply

16th Amendment

Amendment to the United States Constitution (1913) gave Congress the power to tax income.

17th Amendment

Passed in 1913, this amendment to the Constitution calls for the direct election of senators by the voters instead of their election by state legislatures.

18th Amendment

Prohibited the manufacture, sale, and distribution of alcoholic beverages

19th Amendment

Amendment to the U.S. Constitution (1920) extended the right to vote to women in federal or state elections.

Plessy vs. Ferguson

Supreme court case that ruled that separate-but-equal facilities for blacks and whites did not violate the constitution.

W.E.B Du Bois

believed that African Americans should strive for full rights immediatly; founded the NAACP

1914-1918

Date: WWI

Lusitania

A British passenger ship that was sunk by a German U-Boat on May 7, 1915. 128 Americans died. The sinking greatly turned American opinion against the Germans, helping the move towards entering the war.

Selective Service Act

Law passed by Congress in 1917 that required all men from ages 21 to 30 to register for the military draft

Trench Warfare

Fighting with trenches, mines, and barbed wire. Horrible living conditions, great slaughter, no gains, stalemate, used in WWI.

General John J. Pershing

General of the American Expeditionary Force in WWI

Battle of Argonne Forest

1 million American soldiers fought in the final Allied offensive. Heavy German fire killed more than 100,000 Americans, but in the end, the Allies were victorious.

WWI Technology

airplanes, poisonous gas, tanks, machine guns, zeppelins, flamethrowers, barbed wire, submarines

Fourteen Points

A series of proposals in which U.S. president Woodrow Wilson outlined a plan for achieving a lasting peace after World War I.

Treaty of Versailles

the treaty imposed on Germany by the Allied powers in 1920 after the end of World War I which demanded exorbitant reparations from the Germans

League of Nations

A world organization established in 1920 to promote international cooperation and peace. It was first proposed in 1918 by President Woodrow Wilson, although the United States never joined the League. Essentially powerless, it was officially dissolved in 1946.

Great Migration

movement of over 300,000 African American from the rural south into Northern cities between 1914 and 1920

Sedition Act

1918 law that made it illegal to criticize the government. Went against 1st amendment rights.

Women in WWI

Nurses, cooked meals for soldiers, work in factories, made clothes for soldiers, and made hospital supplies

Isolationism

A national policy of avoiding involvement in world affairs

Red Scare

A period of general fear of communists

Social Darwinism

Charles Darwin's ideas applied to humans, "survival of the fittest." Used by wealthy to justify their position in life

KKK

Stands for Ku Klux Klan and started right after the Civil War in 1866. Revived in the 1920s

Zimmerman Telegram

A telegram Germany Sent to Mexico to convince Mexico to attack the U.S.

Roaring Twenties

Nickname for the 1920s becasue of the booming economy and fast pace of life during that era

Henry Ford

American businessman, founder of Ford Motor Company, father of modern assembly lines, and inventor credited with 161 patents.

Assembly Line

In a factory, an arrangement where a product is moved from worker to worker, with each person performing a single task in the making of the product.

Jazz

A style of dance music popular in the 1920s

Harlem Renaissance

A period in the 1920s when African-American achievements in art and music and literature flourished

Prohibition

the period from 1920 to 1933 when the sale of alcoholic beverages was prohibited in the United States by a constitutional amendment

Flapper

carefree young women with short, "bobbed" hair, heavy makeup, and short skirts. The flapper symbolized the new
"liberated" woman of the 1920s.

Scopes Monkey Trial

1925, the trial that pitted the teaching of Darwin's theory of evolution against teaching Bible creationism

Charles Lindbergh

completed the first non- stop solo flight across the Atlantic Ocean, traveling from New York to Paris

Causes of Great Depression

Higher US tariffs, Overproduction of food, buying on margin, market speculation, stock market crash, bank failures

Hooverville

Depression shantytowns, named after the president whom many blamed for their financial distress

1929

Great Depression begins/Stock Market Crash

Dust Bowl

Region of the Great Plains that experienced a drought in 1930 lasting for a decade, leaving many farmers without work or substantial wages.

Teapot Dome

Scandal during the Harding administration involving the granting of oil-drilling rights on government land in return for money

President Warren Harding

This president promised a "return to normalcy" when he was elected. His administration was full of scandal and corruption, including the Teapot Dome scandal.

President Hoover

the president who was in office when the depression started. He believed that if the government got involved it would only make the depression worse.

Franklin Roosevelt

President who served 4 terms, creator of the New Deal, and led the US during WW2.

New Deal

A plan by President Franklin Roosevelt intended to bring economic relief, recovery, and reforms to the country after the Great Depression.

Security and Exchange Commission (SEC)

serve as a govt watchdog over the nations stock markets

Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC)

provide govt insurance for bank deposits up to a certain amount

Social Security Administration (SSA)

A branch of the U. S. Department of Health and Human Services which provides benefits for retirement, survivors. insurance, disability, health insurance, and death.

Work Progress Administration (WPA)

Massive work relief program funded projects ranging from construction to acting

Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)

A relief, recovery, and reform effort that gave 2.5 million poor citizens jobs and land. It brought cheap electric power, low-cost housing, cheap nitrates, and the restoration of eroded soil.

Court Packing

Where FDR tried to add more members to the Supreme Court to pass his programs.

Lend Lease Act

Law passed after the fall of Britain during WWII; allowed the U.S. to loan munitions to Allies in WWII; kept U.S. boys at home

Pearl Harbor

7:50-10:00 AM, December 7, 1941 - Surprise attack by the Japanese on the main U.S. Pacific Fleet harbored in Pearl Harbor

1939-1945

The years of World War II, which began with the German invasion of Poland and ended with the U.S. bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki.

Victory Gardens

Backyard gardens; Americans were encouraged to grow their own vegetables to support the war effort

War Bonds

Certificates sold by the United States government to pay for the war.

Rosie the Riviter

name given to a fictitious woman who served as a patriotoc woman who helped the war effort by working in factories.

Executive Order 9066

112,000 Japanese-Americans forced into camps causing loss of homes and businesses

D-Day

June 6, 1944, 160,000 Allied troops landed along a 50-mile stretch of heavily-fortified French coastline to fight Nazi Germany on the beaches of Normandy, France.

Dwight Eisenhower

Top Allied commander in Europe supervised the invasion of Normandy and the defeat of Nazi Germany. Later 34th president

George Patton

Allied Commander of the Third Army. Was instrumental in winning the Battle of the Bulge. Considered one of the best military commanders in American history.

Tuskegee Airmen

all black unit of fighter pilots. trained in Tuskegee Alabama. won many awards for bravery and never lost a single pilot

Flying Tigers

American pilots who volunteered to fight for China

Bataan Death March

Japanese forced about 60,000 of Americans and Filipinos to march 100 miles with little food and water, most died or were killed on the way

Battle of Midway

1942 World War II battle between the United States and Japan, a turning point in the war in the Pacific

Island Hopping

A military strategy used during World War II that involved selectively attacking specific enemy-held islands and bypassing others

Atomic Bomb

bomb dropped by an American bomber on Hiroshima and Nagasaki destroying both cities

Manhattan Project

code name for the secret United States project set up in 1942 to develop atomic bombs for use in World War II

Hiroshima and Nagasaki

nuclear attacks during World War II against the Empire of Japan by the United States of America at the order of U.S. President Harry S. Truman