1.2 metals

meal can divide into

waht is a ferrous metal

wht is a non ferrous metal

alloys are

eg ferrous metls

eg non ferrous metals 

eg alloys

25% of the Earth’s crust is made up of

metal ores

) is the most common.

(Bauxite

the second most common.

Iron

Ore Iron

Magnetite, Haematite

Ore Copper

Chalcopyrite

OreAluminium

Bauxite

Ore Lead

Galena

Ore Tin

Cassiterite

Zinc

Zinc Blende

from Iron Ore which is one of the easiest to separate from its ore

using a blast furnace to melt the ore leaving the waste (slag) to float to the top.

A blast furnace

When Iron is separated from its ore it is know as

Pig Iron

as Pig Iron. This is a very high carbon Iron

3.5-4.5%

Wrought Iron carbon Iron

0.04-0.08% Carbon

Wrought Iron

building material for bridges, fencing, gates and structures as a large as the Eiffel Tower.

Pig Iron It is brittle .  unless

it is heat treated to make it malleable

Cast iron is used to make

anvils and cast engine casings.

As the carbon amount is increased so too

so too are the hardness properties of the Steel

However, larger amounts of carbon (over 2%) render the iron

brittle as in Pig and Cast Iron

Mild Steel, sometime known as

Bright Drawn Mild Steel (BDMS

(BDMS used where 

is used for the majority of metal construction work from girders in building to the casing on your fridge, from the body of a car to the legs on a table

bdms is iron and

plus 0.15 to 0.3% carbon.

The addition of 0.3-0.7% Carbon produces

Medium Carbon Steel

Medium Carbon Steel used when 

which is used for springs and general gardening tools. It is also referred to as Tool Steel

High Carbon Steel

0.7-1.7% Carbon

High Carbon Steel=?

as High Speed Steel (HSS)

as High Speed Steel (HSS) used when

) and is used for tools, cutting and drilling bits, blades etc.

Properties Cast Iron

Hard outer skin but brittle 3.5% carbon content

Properties Mild Steel (low carbon)

Ductile, high tensile strength 0.15-0.3% carbon content

Properties Medium Carbon Steel

Harder than mild steel but less ductile. 0.3-0.7% carbon

Properties High Carbon Steel

Harder than Medium Carbon Steel 0.7-1.7% carbon content

Applications Cast Iron

Engine blocks, disc brakes, cooking pans

Applications Mild Steel (low carbon)

Chair legs, bolts, appliance housings, car bodies

Applications Medium Carbon Steel

Gardening tools

Applications High Carbon Steel

Cutting tools

Processing of Bauxite into Aluminium is difficult and requires a great deal

•of energy.

Aluminium is often 3-4 times more expensive

•than steel.

Aluminium is a third

of the weight of steel

Aluminium is roughly half

as strong as steel.

Copper melts at

1083 degrees

Tin melts at

232 degrees C

Tin Mixed with Lead

to make Solder

Lead is a

very soft but heavy material.

Lead is Often used as

flashing in buildings where the roof meets the wall.

Zinc is used primarily for

coating steels which is known as galvanizing.

Titanium is also classed as a

a modern material.

Titanium has the highest

strength to weight ratio of metals.

Titanium is used in

in high performance sports equipment and in spectacle frames.

Silver melts at

960 degrees C.

Gold melts at

1063 degrees C.

Platinum melts at

1755 degrees C.

Properties Aluminium

Lightweight, ductile, malleable, corrosion resistant

Properties Copper

Ductile, malleable, tough, corrosion resistant, can be soldered

Properties Zinc

Low melting point, god corrosion resistance

Properties Lead

Heavy, soft, malleable

Properties Tin

Ductile, malleable, low melting point, corrosion resistant

Properties Titanium

Hard, stronger than steel but more lightweight

Properties Gold/silver/platinum

Malleable, ductile, corrosion resistant

Applications Aluminium

Drinks cans, aircraft parts, bike frames, MacBook

Applications Copper

Electrical wire, water and gas pipes

Applications Zinc

Galvanising steel, intricate die casting

Applications Tin

Soft solder, coatings for food cans

Applications Titanium

Joint replacements, toot implants, high performance sports equipment

Applications Gold/silver/platinum

Jewellery, electronic components (gold), plating

Applications Stainless Steel

Sinks, kitchenware, cutlery

Properties Stainless Steel

Tough, hard. 18% chrome, 8% nickel

Properties High Speed Steel

Hard, tough, heat resistance 18% tungsten, 4% chromium, 1% vanadium

Properties Die Steel

Hard, tough with carbon, chromium and tungsten depending on grade

Properties Bronze

Tough, corrosion resistant, 90% copper, 10% tin

Properties Brass

Corrosion resistant, good electrical and thermal conductivity. 65% copper, 35% zinc

Properties Duralumin

Equivalent strength to steel but lightweight and ductile 4% copper, 1% magnesium and manganese

Properties Pewter

Malleable, low melting point. 85-99% tin with copper and antimony

Applications Stainless Steel

Sinks, kitchenware, cutlery

Applications Die Steel

Blanking punches and dies, extruder dies, press tools

Applications Bronze

Statues, coins, bearings

Applications Brass

Boat fittings, furniture, valves, ornaments

Applications Duralumin

Aircraft and vehicle parts

Applications Pewter

Tankards, decorative items, trophies

Brass is a mixture of

Copper and Zinc (35%).

Bronze is a mixture of

Copper and Tin (10%).

Duralumin is an

Aluminium alloy

Duralumin contains

4% Copper, 1% Manganese and 0.1% Magnesium.

Duralumin is stronger than

Aluminium yet lighter

metal stock forms