AP 4thQ

Renaissance

A period in Europe from the Middle Ages to modernity, characterized by cultural, artistic, and economic rebirth, promoting the rediscovery of classical philosophy, literature, and art.

Factors such as agricultural development, technology, and commerce that led to the economic revival during the Renaissance, including the expansion of farmed lands, the use of coins, and the establishment of banks like the Medici.

Economic Forces

A Renaissance philosophy focusing on human interests, worth, and abilities, emphasizing individualism, curiosity, and social issues.

Humanism

Renaissance Man

Described as a master in various fields, emphasizing creativity, knowledge of classics, and skills in arts, music, and communication.

Johann Gutenberg

Inventor of the movable type printing press, revolutionizing the accessibility of books, pamphlets, and newspapers during the Renaissance.

High Renaissance Art

Artistic characteristics and key figures of the period, marked by classical balance, individuality, religious themes, and the use of innovative techniques like chiaroscuro and perspective.

The spirit of inquiry and key figures in Renaissance science, including Copernicus, Galileo, and Kepler, who challenged traditional beliefs and contributed to new knowledge and understanding.

Scientific Advancements

Protestant Reformation

A movement against the Catholic Church's abuses and corruption, led by figures like Martin Luther, aiming to reform doctrines and traditions, and emphasizing political, economic, and social conditions.

Being declared a heretic and expelled from the church community, as happened to Luther after the Edict of Worms.

Excommunication

Priesthood of All Believers

The belief that all Christians can communicate directly with God and have the right to read the Bible, contrary to the Catholic Church's doctrine.

Anglicanism

The establishment of the Anglican Church by King Henry VIII, which shares similarities with the Catholic Church but emphasizes certain differences like priests not marrying.

Calvinism

A Protestant sect founded by John Calvin, emphasizing predestination and the belief that salvation is solely in God's hands.

Counter-Reformation

The Catholic Church's response to the Protestant Reformation, including the Council of Trent and reaffirmation of traditional doctrines.

Industrial Revolution

A period of rapid industrial growth in the 18th-19th centuries, marked by technological advancements, increased productivity, and social changes.

Enclosure Movement

The privatization of formerly common lands, contrasting with the concept of Eminent Domain where private property can be taken for public use.

Key innovations like the Flying Shuttle, Spinning Jenny, Water Frame, Spinning Mule, Power Loom, and the Telephone that revolutionized production and communication.

Inventions of the Industrial Revolution

Globalization

The interconnected process involving increased trade, communication, and cultural exchange among countries and people worldwide.

When the human population exceeds the ecological carrying capacity, leading to increased demands and challenges.

Overpopulation

Global Warming

The long-term rise in Earth's temperature due to human activities, causing environmental issues like increased greenhouse gases and potential food and water shortages.

Human Rights

Inherent rights belonging to all individuals, irrespective of background, including the right to life, freedom, and protection from abuses like abductions and torture.