[14] Transport in Humans

name A and its function

aorta - takes oxygenated blood to the body

name B and its function

vena cava - carries deoxygenated blood from the body back to the heart

name C and its function

left atrium - to receive oxygenated blood from the lungs and pump it to the left ventricle

name D and its function

left ventricle - to pump oxygenated blood from the heart to the rest of the body

name E and its function

right ventricle - to pump deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs to be oxygenated

name F and its function

pulmonary artery - to carry deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs to be oxygenated

name G and its function

pulmonary vein - carry oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart, where it's then pumped to the rest of the body

name H and its function

right atrium - receives deoxygenated blood from the body and pumps it to the right ventricle

why is the wall of the left ventricle thicker than the wall of the right ventricle (4)

the left ventricle pumps blood to the whole body so it has a very muscular wall which is thicker. The right ventricle only pumps to the lungs so it doesn’t have much muscle and so it is thinner.

Describe how deoxygenated blood from the body passes through the heart to reach the lungs (4)

deoxygenated blood arrives at the heart through the vena cava and enters the right atrium. The blood is pumped into the right ventricle which contracts to pump it to the lungs through the pulmonary artery

what is the role of arteries and veins (2)

arteries carry blood away from the heart and veins carry blood back to the heart

are arteries of veins more elastic, why is _______ helpful in arteries (2)

artery is more elastic, arteries have more elastic fibers to allow them to expand s they carry blood under high pressure

two ways a student can tell which is a vein and an artery (2)

vein has a bigger thinner wall, artery has a thicker wall

two substances that diffuse through capillary walls

oxygen and carbon dioxide

how the structure of a capillary is adapted for its function (6)

capillaries are very small so they can carry blood close to any cell. They have permeable walls so substances can diffuse in and out of them. Their walls are only ne cell thick to increase the rate of diffusing by decreasing the distance over which it happens

which ventricle has higher blood pressrure and why? (2)

the left ventricle is under higher pressure than the right ventricle as it pumps blood to the whole body

4 components of blood

plasma
red blood cells
white blood cells
platelets

what part of blood is plasma

liquid part of blood mainly water

how have red blood cells have adapted to make them suitable to transport oxygen

they do not have a nucleus and have a biconcave disk structure to increase their surface area and flexibility, which helps them absorb oxygen and pass through small capillaries

what are two types of white blood cells and what do they do

phagocytes - engulf and digest foreign particles

lymphocytes - release antibodies to fight disease, recognize antigens, stimulate immune response

what can lymphocytes do

lymphocytes can release antibodies which can become memory cells they can also recognize antigens and stimulate immune response

what do platelets do and why can this be helpful

cell fragments that help blood clots form they stop bleeding when blood vessels are injured

how do blood clots form

fibrin protein molecules form a mesh, which traps platelets and red blood cells plugging a hole in the blood vessel wall preventing blood loss platelets help clot form

what is the structure of an artery? what does the lining look like and what does it help with?

thick artery wall containing elastic fibres and muscle cells
smooth lining promotes fast flow of blood through small lumen of artery

where do arteries carry blood and at what speed and pressure and WHY??

arteries carry blood away from the heart at high speed under higher pressure

what happens when the heart contracts its muscular wall

arteries pressure fluctuates

what do arteries branch into, what are the diameters of these said branches? why is this helpful?

arteries branch into a network of smaller vessels called arterioles, the diameter of the arterioles can vary by the action of muscle fibers in their walls which can be used to adjust the pressure in the circulatory system as well as to divert blood from one organ to another

what do arterioles branch into (2)

the arterioles branch into the capillaries, by which stage the blood is moving slowly under lower pressure

what is the structure of the veins

thin vein wall containing no muscle fibres, large lumen to reduce resistance to flow of blood under low pressure, valves in the lumen.

describe how thickness of the capillary wall can help

a single layer of cells form wall of capillary, substances diffuse across capillary wall into and out of plasma,

describe where capillaries are found

the tissues of the body

why are the walls of the capillaries one cell thick

diffusion of gases and other substances can take place through the thin capillary wall, between the plasma and fluid surrounding the cells of the tissues in the body

pulmonary has got to do with what organ?

the lungs

describe 3 factors that make coronary heart disease more likely

heredity - some people inherit a tendency to develop coronary heart disease
high blood pressure - puts more strain on the heart
diet - eating large amounts of saturated fat can lead to fatty deposits forming inside arteries, which can lead to coronary heart disease
smoking - increases blood pressure which can cause damage to the inside of coronary arteries, chemicals in cigarette can damage coronary arteries making it more likely that fatty deposits will form

what is coronary heart disease

when the coronary arteries that supply blood to the muscle of the heart get blocked by layers of fatty material building up

what organ does hepatic got to do with

the liver

what organ does the word renal got to do with

the kidneys

which blood vessel carries blood from the kidneys
which blood vessel carries blood to the kidneys

renal vein
renal artery

which blood vessel carries blood from the liver
which blood vessel carries blood to the liver

hepatic vein
hepatic artery

which blood vessel carries blood from the gut/belly to the liver

hepatic portal vein

where can coronary arteries be found

outside of the heart

name 4 things that plasma transports around the body

urea
minerals
glucose
carbon dioxide

how does the heart rate change during exercise or with adrenalnie

During exercise, the muscles require more oxygen for respiration for energy, prompting the brain to signal the heart to pump faster and stronger. Adrenaline binds to receptors in the heart, increasing heart rate and contractility

why do humans need a circulatory system

humans have a low volume to surface area ratio so we need a circulatory system we can not rely of diffusion

what is the blood mostly?

plasma

which is the biggest type of white blood cell

phagocytes

which vein links from the liver to the vena cava

hepatic vein

how does vaccination help the body to fight pathogens

vaccines stimulate immune response leading to the production of antibodies and the formation of memory cells that remember the pathogen for swift future responses.

in the heart of a fetus the two upper chambers are linked by a whole so that blood can pass between them. explain why this hole is normally closed before the baby is born

so that oxygenated and deoxygenated do not mix
so that oxygenated blood can be pumped through the body

what is the function of semi lunar valves

to prevent backflow of blood from arteries into the ventricles