Bioethics LE

Eu- good
Thanatos - death

= good death -

Derivation of "Euthanasia"

Euthanasia -

deliberately putting to death a person who is suffering from an incurable condition or disease

mercy killing -

Other name for euthanasia

let patients die with dignity -

Aim of Euthanasia

Passive - stopping/starting treatment
Active - lethal drug -

Types of Euthanasia

Voluntary
Involuntary -

Acts of Euthanasia

Prolongation of life -

Any medical procedure, treatment, or intervention which: (1) Uses mechanical or other artificial means to sustain, restore, or supplant a spontaneous vital function, or which affords no reasonable expectation of recovery from a terminal condition and (2) When applied to a patient with a terminal condition, prolongs the dying process

BCC SNL

Belgium
Colombia
Canada
Spain
Netherlands
Luxembourg -

States with legal euthanasia

Malafide Intention -

carried out in bad intention

Sanctity of Life -

refers to the notion that human life is sacred, holy, and valuable

Advance directives -

documents that enable patients to make their decisions about medical care known to their family and health care providers, in the event that they are unable to make those decisions themselves

Withdrawing treatment -

switching off a machine that is keeping a person alive, so that they die of their disease

Withholding treatment -

not carrying out surgery that will extend life for a short time

Active euthanasia -

when death is brought about by an act

Passive euthanasia -

Passive euthanasia

Non-voluntary -

Euthanasia without the patient's consent but wishes are unknown

Suicide -

direct, willful destruction of one's own life

Egoistic Suicide -

Suicide caused by having no social life, sees suicide as a solution to alienation

Altruistic Suicide -

Suicide nga masobraan ug social life, martyr vibes, will die for the group

Anomic Suicide -

no social regulation, sudden stress becomes breaking point

Fatalistic Suicide -

suicide that occurs as a result of too much social regulation, unrealistic standards

Republic Act 7164 -

Philippine Nursing Act of 1991 is also known as?

Philippine Nursing Act of 1991 -

Republic Act 7164 is also known as?

Republic Act No. 9173 -

Philippine Nursing Act of 2002 is also known as?

Philippine Nursing Act of 2002 -

Republic Act No. 9173 is also known as?

Natural Death Act of 2005 -

doctors who assist a patient in ending their life risk being charged with a crime and imprisoned, as stated in?

Dysthanasia -

means "bad death"

Dysthanasia -

therapeutic obstipation which is the initiation or continuation of medical actions that have no other aim but to prolong the patient's life when the patient is facing irreversible death

Recommendation No. 1418 -

Protection of human rights and dignity of the incurable and terminally ill (adopted by Council of Europe)

Recommendation No. 1418 -

Specifies an array of factors that nowadays endanger the dignity of an ill human being, in incurable and terminal conditions

ORTHOTHANASIA -

a natural manner of death

Life -

existence of an individual human being or animal, and a condition that distinguishes animals and plants from inorganic matter, including the capacity for growth, reproduction, functional activity, and continual change preceding death

Human Dignity/Living with Dignity -

to be valued and respected for their own sake, and to be treated ethically

Autonomy of Will/Free Will -

ability to choose between different possible courses of action unimpeded

death -

Irreversible cessation of circulatory and respiratory functions.

Orthothanasia -

sensitive to the death humanization process and to pain relief.

Orthothanasia -

does not tolerate disproportionate treatments, does not incur in abusive delays, it faces death at the right time

Palliative care -

according to the World Health Organization, is an approach that improves the quality of life of patients and their families who face problems associated with life-threatening diseases

humanization of the process of dying -

The terminal patient should not be concerned with the time but with the quality of time that he has. This must be guaranteed by the healthcare team that assists them and by the family who accompanies or represent him. This is part of what is called the?

Palliative sedation -

reducing pain in a terminally sick person in the final hours or days of a dying patient's life in healthcare, specifically in end-of-life care

Palliative sedation -

a last-resort treatment for people whose symptoms are uncontrollable by other means

Palliative sedation -

use of sedative medications to induce a state of decreased awareness or unconsciousness for critically ill patients with a life expectancy of two weeks or less

terminal sedation, continuous deep sedation -

Palliative sedation is also known as?

Palliative Care -

If you have an illness that cannot be cured, _________ will help you manage the pain, reduce the distressing symptoms and make you as comfortable as possible.

End-of-Life Care -

treatment, care and support for people who are nearing the end of their lives. It is an important part of palliative care and aims to help people live as comfortably as possible in their last months, weeks or days of life and to die with dignity. It is mostly focused on controlling physical symptoms and giving emotional support to the client, their family, and friends.

autonomy and beneficence -

The bioethical principles supporting the use of palliative sedation to relieve suffering are

Advance Derivatives -

legal document in which a person specifies what actions should be taken for their health if they are no longer able to make decisions for themselves because of illness or incapacity

Living Will -

document that lets you outline your end-of-life care preferences. You can state whether you want to receive certain medical treatments, procedures, medication, blood transfusions, and more. If you're ever incapacitated (for example, in a coma) and can't communicate your wishes, your doctors will consult the instructions in your living will and try to follow them, if they're reasonable. Without a living will, it's up to your doctors, family members, and state law to choose what healthcare you receive.

Medical Power of Attorney (POA) -

lets you give someone authority to make healthcare decisions for you if you're unable to express your wishes for yourself.

Advance Healthcare Directive -

combination of a living will and POA. Many people choose to pair a living will with a durable medical POA to make sure their future healthcare decisions are handled according to their wishes and by someone they trust

Psychiatric Advance Directives -

legal document that lets the patient detail their preferences for future mental health treatment. The patient can also choose someone to make treatment decisions for them if they are in a crisis and unable to make them themselves. It is a good idea to check their state laws to decide if it makes sense to document their preferences specifically for mental healthcare treatment

Do Not Resuscitate (DNR) -

means that your healthcare providers will not perform cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) when your heart stops or your breathing ceases.

DNR Comfort Care -

DNR protocol is activated when the DNR order is issued

DNR Comfort Care - Arrest -

permit the use of life-saving measures (such as powerful heart or blood pressure medications) before a person's heart or breathing stops. However, only comfort care may be provided after a person's heart or breathing stops

Documentation -

basis for communication between health professionals that informs of the care provided, the treatment and care planned and the outcome of that care as a continuous and contemporaneous record

Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA - Health Information Privacy) -

A federal law that applies to most health care practitioners and its regulation, known as the Privacy Rule, sets detailed rules regarding privacy, access, and disclosure of individually identifiable health information, referred to as protected health information

protected health information -

individually identifiable health information

Magna Carta of Patient's Right and Obligation Act of 2017 -

The patient has the right to privacy and protection from unwarranted publicity.

Minimum Necessary Standard. -

healthcare professional may only share PHI to the least amount possible

LEGAL FOUNDATION OF PRIVACY -

The right of privacy is, most simply, the right of a person to be let alone, to be free from unwarranted publicity, and to live without unwarranted interference by the public in matters with which the public is not necessarily concerned.

right of privacy -

the right of a person to be free from unwarranted publicity

the unwarranted appropriation or exploitation of one's personality

the publicizing of one's private affairs with which the public has no legitimate concern

the wrongful intrusion into one's private activities in such manner as to outrage or cause mental suffering, shame or humiliation to a person of ordinary sensibilities

General Law of Privacy -

Which affords a tort action for damages resulting from an unlawful invasion of privacy

Constitutional Right of Privacy -

Which protects personal privacy against unlawful governmental invasion

Invasion of privacy -

intrusion upon, or revelation of, something private

unreasonable intrusion
appropriation of one's name
unreasonable publicity
publicity under false light -

The law of privacy consists of four distinct types of invasion:

tort -

a wrongful act or an infringement of a right (other than under contract) leading to civil legal liability.

National Privacy Commission -

This comprehensive privacy law also established a ___ that enforces and oversees it and is endowed with rulemaking power

Data Privacy Act of 2012 -

· Comprehensive and strict privacy legislation "to protect the fundamental human right of privacy, of communication while ensuring free flow of information to promote innovation and growth

Federal Trade Commission (FTC). -

ts authority to regulate on behalf of consumer protections comes from The Federal Trade Commission Act (FTC Act), which has broad jurisdiction over commercial entities under its authority to prevent unfair or "deceptive trade practices."

Federal Trade Commission Act (FTC Act) -

which has broad jurisdiction over commercial entities under its authority to prevent unfair or "deceptive trade practices."

privacy -

claim of individuals, groups or institutions to determine when, how and to what extent information about them is communicated to others

Truth, Freedom and Human rights -

The ethical value of privacy was also based on three applicable ethical norms, as explained by Britz:

Truth -

ethical norm serves for the factual correctness of information, guiding the information professional regarding the accurate and factually correct handling of private information

Freedom -

associated with the individual's freedom of choice and the freedom from intrusion.

human right -

entails that as long as there is a juridical acknowledgment and protection of person right to privacy, this right should combine the right to protection from unlawful interference from others in one's private life

Privacy Rule and the Security Rule -

There are two main sections of HIPAA law

Privacy Rule -

addresses the use and disclosure of individuals' health information

Security Rule -

sets national standards for protecting the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of electronically protected health information

Confidentiality -

The principle and practice of keeping sensitive information private unless the owner or custodian of the data gives explicit consent for it to be shared with another party

Violations of privacy -

involve the unauthorized disclosure of someone else's private information (e.g., looking at records without authorization)

Violations of confidentiality -

involve disclosure of someone else's private information: that they voluntarily imparted in confidence and trust or when there was an implicit or explicit promise not to divulge that information without their permission

confider, which means "to trust." -

The Latin root of confidentiality

Bill of Rights
Philippine Constitution 1987
Article 3, Section 3 -

"The privacy of communication and correspondence shall be inviolable except upon lawful order of the court, or when public safety or order requires otherwise, as prescribed by law."

Section 13: Sensitive Personal Information and Privileged Information of RA 10173 (Data Privacy Act of 2012) -

The processing of sensitive personal information and privileged information shall be prohibited, ...except in the following instances: data subject consent; existing laws and regulations; to protect the life and health of data subject; lawful and non-commercial objectives of public organizations and associations; medical treatment; protection of lawful rights and interest of natural or legal person in court proceedings; or the establishment, exercise, or defense of legal claims; or, when provided to governments or public authority."

Chapter V
Security of Personal Information
Section 20 -

· The personal information controller must implement reasonable and appropriate organizational, physical and technical measures intended for the protection of personal information against any accidental or unlawful destruction, alteration and disclosure, as well as against any other unlawful processing
Etc daghan pani

The Philippine Medical Association's (PMA) Code of Ethics
Article 2: Duties of Physicians to their Patients -

The physician should hold as sacred and highly confidential whatever may be discovered or learned pertinent to the patient even after death, except when required in the promotion of justice, safety and public health."

The Magna Carta of Patient's Bill of Rights and Obligations -

· One version is sponsored by Senator Pia Cayetano, during the 16th Congress

The Magna Carta of Patient's Bill of Rights and Obligations -

"Right To Privacy and Confidentiality-The patient has the right to privacy and protection from unwarranted publicity."

Magna Carta -

a document constituting a fundamental guarantee of rights and privileges.

Legitimate interests -

most likely to be an appropriate basis where you use data in ways that people would reasonably expect and that have a minimal privacy impact

Peer Review Organization (PRO) program -

requires that the PROs disclose review information according to guidelines set forth by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. This information is reported to (1) state and federal fraud and abuse agencies, (2) agencies responsible for identification of public health problems, and (3) state licenser and certification agencies

Human Subject -

a living person about whom a researcher conducting study obtains

Intervention -

Includes both physical data collection methods (such as venipuncture) and research-related manipulations of the subject or the environment of the subject.

Interaction -

Includes interactions or correspondence between the researcher and the subject.

Private Information -

Includes information concerning conduct that takes place in circumstances where a person can reasonably anticipate that no observation or recording is being made, as well as information that a person has provided for a specific purpose and can fairly be expected to remain private (for example, a medical record).

Human Subject Research -

is a type of research that seeks to learn more about a topic conducted on human beings

RA 10532 -

Law made to safeguard and advance the right to health of the people, cultivate health consciousness among them, and enhance the standard of living of every Filipino

The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) -

· States that "No one shall be subjected to torture or to cruel, barbaric, or degrading treatment" and that "All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights...endowed with reason and conscience."

UN Human Rights Committee -

· Made prohibitions such as Article 7 provided that special protections are needed not only against acts that cause physical pain but as well as mental suffering to the victim

Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities -

States are required to give them equal access to legal capacity, safeguard them from non-consensual testing, forbid exploitation, and uphold their physical and mental integrity