basic locomotor system

which embryonic structure does the locomotor system come from?

mesoderm : somites

screrotome: bone and cartilage

myotome: muscles

dermatome: skin and subcutaneous tissue

What is the function of the locomotor appartus ?

- carry out the body movement
- organ protection
- mineral reserve
- production of blood in the bone marrow
- heat production

What is osteology?

it's the osteogenesis, classification of bones and bone structure

What is the Arthrology ?

it's the arthrogenesis, the joint classification and joint elements. But also the joint biomechanics

What is the myology ?

it's the myogenesis, the types and classification of the muscle and how they are organised

What are the muscle accesory structures ?

Can be the fasciae, tendon/ fibrous sheath, the synovial bursa and sheath

What is hematopoiesis?

The formation of new blood cell

What is the function of the skeleton ?

support the weight and give protection

give an example of a long bone

femur

give an example of a short bone

carpal bone

give an example of a flat bone

scapula

give an example of an irregular bone

vertebra

give an example of a sesamoid bone

patella

where do tendons connect

muscle to bone

what do ligaments connect

bone to bone

give the structure of a bone

-osseous/bone tissue
-cartilage
-periosteum
-bone marrow
-vessels and nerves

Where is located the growth plate or epiphyseal line ?

It's the area of cartilage near the end of long bones in youngs animals, it stop growing after 1 years

Why we need to be careful while looking at a paw x-ray in young animals?

because we can mistake the growth plate with a broken bone

What is the periosteum?

the tough membrane that covers the outside of the bone

What is the proximal epiphysis

end of the bone closest to the body trunk

What is the diaphysis?
shaft of a long bone

shaft of a long bone

What is the distal epiphysis ?

end farthest from trunk of a bone

What kind of bone marrow can we find inside a long bone ?

yellow bone marrow

What are the two types of bone tissue ?

compact and spongy

What is direct primary bone development ?

When the bone is formed without using a cartilagenous tissue (embryonic stage)

Give an example of a direct primary developed bone

skull

What is indirect primary bone development ?

transform a cartilagenous model into bone

what is secondary ossification

bone remodeling, forms a mature bone to improve mechanical action

example of mature bone

lamellar bone

What are the fuctions of osteoclasts and osteocytes?

store minerals
reorganize bone structure

what are the 2 types of cartilage tissue in bones

articular and epiphyseal

articular cartilage

surrounds every articular surface

epiphyseal cartilage

for longitudinal growth

how does bone marrow change with age

red --> yellow --> grey

what is the afferent system of blood vessels?

oxygenated blood to bone (arteries)

what is the efferent system of blood vessels?

deoxygenated blood away from bones (veins)

What are the vessels in the afferent system ?

- nutrients arteries
- epiphysis and metaphysis
- periosteal arteries

what is the function of vasomotor nerves

stimulates blood vessels pumping to bone

what is the function of sensitive nerves

pain and heat detection

fibrous joints

do not allow any movements (syndesmosis)
sutures (eg skull)
gomphosis (eg teeth and alveolar bone)
no articular cavity (synarthrodial)

cartilagenous joints

synchondrosis - hyaline cartilage
symphysis - fibrocartilage
no articular cavity (synarthrodial)

synovial joint

free movement (diarthrodial)

joint cavity surrounded by capsule:

- articular labrum

- articular disc

- meniscus

what is an intracapsular ligament

inside the joint cavity

what is an extracapsular ligament

outside joint cavity - stabilises joint externally

types of synovial joints

- ball-and-socket joint
- hinge joint
- compressive joint

flexion/ extension

gliding movement

abduction/adduction

pronation / supination

antroversion

forwards

retroversion

back

Circumduction

what is the muscle hilium ?

provide vascularization to the muscle and the nerves

what is a fasciae ?

Can be superficial or deep, surrounds the muscle

What is a fibrous sheaths?

support the fascia, tendon, and keep everything joined to a bone

What is a synovial bursas ?

sac filled with synovial fluid for protection

What is a synovial tendon sheaths?

special sinovial bursa