Practice Test: Unit 1 PT 2

Shared Features of Life

1. One or more cell

2. Take/use energy/materials

3. Sense/respond to changes in environment

4. Maintain Homeostasis

5. Reproduce/grow based off of DNA

Everything in nature is made up of

Elements

How do we take/use energy?

By consuming food

Is Homeostasis about absolutes?

No, constricted relative constant enviornment in the body.

There is disease when there is

a lack of homeostasis

Plasma pH regulated through

homeostasis, 7.35-7.45

Body glucose is regulated through

homeostasis

Homeostasis

state of chemical/physical stability

Changes in and out of the body affects cells ability to

carry out their specific roles

Evolution =

Change

Biological organisms evolve through changes in

DNA

Organisms are classified into groups with similar

characteristics

Characteristics determine

evolutionary change

3 domains of life

Animals, Plants, Fungi

6 main kingdoms within domains

Animalia, Plantae, Fungi, Protista, Archaea, Eubacteria

9 levels of biological classification system

life, domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species

each of humans classifications in the biological classification system

life

domain - Eukaryote

kingdom - Animalia

phylum - Chordata

class - Mammalia

order - Primate

family - Hominidae

Eukaryote

cells must contain a nucleus and other membrane bound organelles

Animalia

multicellular eukaryotic organisms (reproduce, breathe, consume, etc)

Chordata

Vertabrates: animals that have nerve chord, backbone

Mammalia

warm blooded, vertebrate animal, hair, live birth

Primate

large brains, forward facing eyes, manual dexterity

Hominidae

Primates, characterized by large size, tailless bodies

11 levels of organization/nature organization

1. Atoms

2. Molecules

3. Cells

4. Tissues

5. Organ

6. Organ System

7. Organism

8. Population

9. Community

10. Ecosystem

11. Biosphere

Atoms

Smallest unit of element, most basic level

Molecules

Formed by two or more atoms with same or different properties, can also have different properties than the atom they contain

Cells

smallest unif of life, perform specific functions in multicellular organisms, Organized in tissues

what are cells primarily made of

hydrogen, carbon, oxygen, nitrogen

Tissue

group of cells with similar function, different kinds make up organs

Organ

two or more tissues together to complete specific task

Organ System

group of organs that carry out general functions, make up entire organism

Organism

life form

Population

group of the same species

Community

group of different types of species interacting in same area

Ecosystem

physical enviornment, living/nonliving

Biosphere

Earth

Energy flows into biosphere from the

sun

solar energy is captured by which group

Producers

Producers

self feeding

Plants use what to make fuel

photosynthesis

Plants use their fuel to what

build tissue

Plants are

ecotherms

Ectotherms

rely on external factors to regulate temp

Humans are

endotherms

Endotherms

generate own temp through metabolic processes

Plants raw materials come (carbon) come from

air, soil, water

Animals are (humans)

consumers

Consumer

feed on plant materials or other animals

Animals tapping directly by

eating plants who get food from the sun

Animals tap indirectly by

eating an animal who fed on plants

Bacteria/Fungi

decomposers

Bacteria/Fungi get energy from

decomposition of tissues

Bacteria/Fungi break down into

materials that can be recycled to producers

Science is

systematic

Science requires systematic method known as

scientific method

Scientific Method Steps

1. Observe some natural phenomenon 

2. Identify question/problem to explore  

3. Develop scientifically testable hypothesis 

4. Make specific prediction 

5. Test prediction 

6. Share conclusions

Control group should be as similar as possible to

expiremental group

Sampling Error

Occurs when tested subject of a group is not consistent with the rest of the group, typically happens in too small of groups

Most phenomenons in the world are result of

Interacting variables at the same time

Experimental findings must be consistent with

expiremental conclusions

Evaluate info before

accepting

2 strategies of critical thinking

1. Let credible scientific evidence do the convincing

2. Question credidentials/motives

Scientific theory

explanation of broad range of related natural events and observations based on repeated, careful testing of hypothesis

Science cannot explain

subjective questions

Science can explain

objective questions

Illness =

disturbed homeostasis

Cells affected by disease are not able to

perform normal functions

Most common health issues

cancer, obesity, type 2 diabetes

Causing factors of major health issues

smoking, poor diet, sedentary

Emerging diseases caused by

pathogens that have recently begun to affect humans

Emerging diseases

Encaphalitis, Severe respiratory disease, Lyme disease

Encaphalitis caused by

West Nile Virus

Severe respiratory disease caused by

SAR S Virus

Lyme disease caused by

species of bacteria, borrelia burgdorfers, ticks

Why more disease

population rise, more travel, misuse of antibiotics

Staphylococcus aures bacteria

yellow balls sticking to microscopic hairs on tissue lining of the nose, nose and throat, infections in humans

Elements are

pure substances

Pure substance

consist of one type of atom and cannot be broken down into simpler substances

Elements are

the basic raw materiasl of living things

Each element contains

one type of atom

Organisms consist of mostly which 4 elements

oxygen, carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen

Phosphorus binds to most

hydrogens

Make up less than 0.01% of body despite being absolutely necessary

Trace Elements

Trace elements in larger amounts can be

toxic

Human body consists of chemicals

some solid, liquid, or gas

Each chemical in the body consists of

one or more elements

Besides main 4 elements the body consists of

calcium, phosphorus, potassium, sulfur, sodium, chlorine, trace elements

Atom

smallest unit that has properties of given element

Atoms made up of

more than 100 subatomic particles

Atoms have three main parts

protons, neutrons, electrons

Protons

found in the nucleus of the atom, atoms have one or more, + charge, determines atomic #

Neutrons

found in the nucleus, atoms have one or more has no charge

Electrons

move around in the nucleus, - charge

Elements have = number of

protons and electrons

Elements have no

charge

If an element is charged it is a(n)

ion

Atomic #

number of protons in nucleus

Mass #

sum of number of protons and neutrons in nucleus

Carbon-14 dating

way of telling how old something is by measuring amount of carbon 14 in something

The less carbon-14 in something

the older it is