Studied by 11 people
galaxy
planets orbit a central star
Bottleneck effect
reduced genetic diversity caused by a huge decrease in population size
vestigial structures
Useless structures that are present because of a previous ancestor
monosacchride
a monomer within sugars; held together by glyosidic linkages in a polymer
cellular specialization
process in which a cell becomes tailored for a specific role in the body
bryophytes
nonvascular plants without seeds; first land plants to evolve
glucose
the monosaccharide required for cellular respiration
nebula
a cloud of dust and matter
natural selection
organisms with beneficial traits adapt to their particular environment, reproduce and pass along beneficial alleles
inflation
the rapid expansion of the universe
reduced hybrid fertility
hybrids are often sterile and cannot make more hybrids
reptiles
organisms that lay eggs, have scales and evolved stronger skeletons
Wallace
Had the same theory of natural selection as Darwin
temporal isolation
timing mechanisms prevent different species from mating
ion
an atom that has gained or lost electrons; the stable form of the atom
Homo ergaster
lived a hunter gatherer lifestyle and had smaller teeth and jaws due to a change in diet
monomer
the individual building block of a polymer
fat
a lipid with a glycerol and three fatty acids
phylogentic tree
Shows the evolutionary relationships between multiple species
r group
the only part of an amino acid that varies
niche
an organism's ecological roll in nature
glycerol
the backbone of fats and phospholipids
homologous structures
Similar structures with different functions; from divergent evolution
taxonomy
a system used to categorize organisms based on similarities with other organisms
transpiration
the evaporation of water from leaves
Australopithicus
one of the earliest hominid species identified
reproductive isolation
barriers that prevent different species from reproducing with each other
solvent
something that dissolves substances
artificial selection
occurs when humans interfere with selection pressures
amine
a functional group found within basic compounds; NH3+
photosynthesis
a process that uses solar energy to build glucose in plants
gene flow
the movement of alleles in and out of a population; increases the frequency of beneficial alleles
biosphere
all of the ecosystems on planet Earth
hybrid
the offspring of two different species who mated
convergent evolution
evolution that occurs in unrelated animals due to similar environments
evolution
when an entire species takes on a beneficial trait or characteristic; change in a species over time
punctuated equilibria
a sudden change creates a new species which then doesn't change
gene
a unit of DNA that encodes a particular RNA and protein
Malthus
Theorized that overpopulation would lead to famine
amino acid
a monomer within proteins; held together by peptide bonds in a polymer
analogous structures
Different structures with similar functions; from convergent evolution
Aristotle
Thought that living organisms were unchanging because they were made by God
chitin
the structural polysaccharide used in fungi
starch
the storage polysaccharide used in plants
quarks
the building blocks of protons and neutrons
antiparallel
the two strands of DNA run in opposite directions; one strand is right side up and the other is upside down
solution
a dissolver and something being dissolved
polysaccharide
string of monosaccharides that provide short term energy storage
molecule
two or more elements bonded together in a fixed ratio
C terminus
the end of a protein
postzygotic barrier
Something that reduces the ability of hybrids to create more hybrids
population
multiple members of the same species within a certain environment
divergent evolution
evolution of related organisms from a common ancestor
fungi
organisms that absorb their food from the soil
endemic
organisms that are specifically from a particular region
phospholipid bilayer
the cell membrane that surrounds all cells
phosphodiester bond
bond that holds nucleic acids together
mitochondria
where cellular respiration occurs in the cell
electron
subatomic particles that orbit the atomic nucleus; determine bonding
cellular respiration
a process that extracts energy from the breakdown of glucose
electronegativity
the tendency of an atom to pull electrons towards it
prokaryotes
unicellular organisms with no membrane bound organelles; some can cause disease
archae
ancient bacteria that are extremophiles; do not cause disease in humans
gymnosperms
vascular plants with seeds and no flowers
glycogen
the storage polysaccharide used in animals
cellulose
the structural polysaccharide used in plants
allopatric speciation
A geographic barrier separates a population resulting in new species
specific heat
the amount of energy required to change one gram of water by one degree Celsius
mechanical isolation
physical limitations prevent different species from mating
phloem
vasculature that carries sugar throughout a plant
sexual reproduction
an organism is created with genetic input from two sources
protein
macromolecule composed of multiple amino acids; shape is key
ester linkage
bond that holds fats and phospholipids together
gradualism
small changes over a long period of time result in a new species
base
a substance that releases hydroxide ions in solution
polar
molecules that either have a dipole or full charge
valency
the number of electrons needed to make the atom inert and stable
amphibians
organisms that live in and out of the water and reproduce in water
valence electrons
the number of electrons in the outer most electron shell
asexual reproduction
an organism creates an exact copy of itself
pterophytes
vascular plants without seeds; require water for reproduction
glycolysis
the first step of cellular respiration that starts the breakdown of glucose
mass number
the mass of the protons and neutrons in an atom
dehydration synthesis
a chemical reaction that removes water in order to join monomers together
behavioral isolation
differences in mating calls and courtship rituals prevent different species from mating
uracil
the only nitrogenous base not used in DNA
molecular dipole
partial charged caused by a polar covalent bond
aldehyde
a functional group with a carbon double bonded to an oxygen and single bonded to a hydrogen
phylogeny
the evolutionary history of an organism
prezygotic barrier
Something that prevents fertilization and formation of the zygote
element
a substance that can't be broken down by chemical means; made of atoms
biogeography
The study of how species are distributed amongst the continents
angiosperms
vascular plants with seeds and flowers
surface tension
a measure of how difficult it is to break the surface of a liquid
DNA nucleotide
phosphate group, deoxyribose and a nitrogenous base
nonpolar covalent
chemical bond which shares electrons evenly
amphipathic
molecules that contain both hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions
Pangea
a supercontinent that existed about 250 million years ago
hydrolysis
a chemical reaction that adds water in order to break down polymers
strata
layers of rock representing the geological time scale
Note 
Flashcard (22)