Urinary System (Some fill in the blanks)

The organs of the urinary system include…

Kidneys → filters blood, waste exits as urine, non-waste reenters blood → regulates blood (ex: pH pressure osmolarity)

Ureters → connects to bladder, lined w smooth muscle → perastalsis push urine in right direction

Urinary bladder → transitional epithelium → stretching

Urethra → (inside) transitional epithelium, (outside) stratified squamous

The kidneys are located against the posterior body wall in a __ position.

This means they are behind the parietal __ .

retroperitoneal, peritoneum

The __ kidney is crowded by the __ above it so it sits slightly lower than __ kidney

right, liver, left

Amino acids have their amino groups (NH2 ) removed and converted into __ (NH3 ).

The liver converts _ into _

Build up of this = __

ammonia, ammonia, urea,

Nucleic acid catabolism → __

Build up of this → __

uric acid, gout

Creatine phosphate catabolism → ___

Normal amount of __ can indicate __

creatinine, creatinine in urine, healthy liver

___ (BUN) is the level of nitrogenous wastes in blood.

Normal BUN is _ mg/dL

Abnormally high BUN is __.

Dangerously high BUN is __ which requires __ and kidney transplant

Blood urea nitrogen, 10 – 20, azotemia, uremia, hemodialysis

The lateral surface is __.

The medial surface is __.

Renal nerves, blood and lymphatic vessels, and the ureter enter/exit at the renal __.

convex, concave, hilum

Three Ct. tissue coverings from superficial to deep include:

◦ __which __ the kidney to the abdominal wall.

◦ __ which protectively cushions the kidney.

◦ __which protects kidney from __.

Renal fascia, holds, Perirenal fat, Fibrous capsule, infection

___is when the kidneys drop, this happens with ___ loss, could be caused by __ → could have kidney __

Nephroptosis, Perirenal fat, anorexia, rupture

The renal __ is glandular tissue that forms urine

parenchyma

The renal cortex

◦ Outer section with extensions called renal __ that project inward toward renal sinus.

columns

The renal medulla

◦ Interior triangle-shaped structures called renal that collect and concentrate urine, directing it into minor and major __ and then into the renal __ which connects to the __

pyramids, calyces, pelvis, ureter

Glomerulus are __

filters

Kidney/Renal Circulation (3 Major Steps)

Afferent Arteriole, Glomeruos, Efferent Ateriole

There are approximately __ nephrons per kidney consisting of

A renal corpuscle consisting of: _,__,

A renal tubule consisting of: _,_,_

1.2 million, Bowman’s, Glomerulus, PCT, Loop of Henle, DCT

85% of nephrons are _ nephrons.

15% are __ nephrons

cortical, juxtamedullary

Renal corpuscles

Each corpuscle consists of: ◦

An exterior __ made of a parietal (outer) layer of __epithelium and a visceral (inner) layer of _.

An interior __which is a specialized and highly pressurized network of blood capillaries

Bowman’s capsule, simple squamous, podocytes, glomerulus

Blood enters a corpuscle through an __ arteriole and exits through an _ arteriole

High __ makes a high filtrate, might __

afferent, efferent, BP, pee blood

vascular pole → __

urinary pole →__

blood goes in and out, pct/pee

All renal tubules have microvili except __

DCT

Each renal artery is wrapped in nerves and ganglia called a renal __

__ nerve fibers run along the renal artery into the renal parenchyma → can trigger __

can trigger the secretion of _ in response to _

plexus, Sympathetic, vasoconstriction, renin, low BP

4 Major Steps of Urine Formation

Glomerular Filtration

Tubular Reabsorption

Tubular Secretion

Water Conservation

Glomerular Filtration

Blood in a glomerulus is filtered through a filtration membrane consisting of three layers:

◦ The __ epithelium of the glomerular capillaries

◦ The __ made of __ gel

◦ The filtration slits between __ podocytes

fenestrated,basement membrane, proteoglycan, podocytes

Molecules and ions smaller than _nm pass through the filtration membrane easily

3,

Protein in urine is called __.

RBCs in urine is called __

proteinuria/albuminuria, hematuria

Glomerular _ pressure is greater than _ pressure

If __ pressure is greater than 0, filtration will occur

blood hydrostatic, capsular net filtration

The total surface area of all filtration membranes is the __which is larger in males than females

The amount of filtrate formed per minute by both kidneys combined is the _

filtration coefficient, glomerular filtration rate

Most filtrate is reabsorbed, so only __ liters of urine is produced per day

1 – 2

Abnormally high GFR → filtrate flows too __ , causes __ and __ __

Abnormally low GFR → filtrate flows too __ causes __ and __

fast, polyuria, dehydration, electrolyte loss, slow, oliguria, azotemia

If BP in afferent arterioles increases, they auto__ reduce __

If BP in afferent arteriole decreases, they auto__, __

vasoconstrict, rate of flow, vasodilate, increase flow

The ascending limb of the loop of Henle touches the vascular pole of the corpuscle at the __ apparatus

juxtaglomerular,

Substances reabsorbed directly through the cuboidal cells take a _ route.

Substances reabsorbed between the cuboidal cells take a __ route.

transcellular, paracellular

___are transport proteins that bind Na+ and some other solute, removing them both from filtrate.

Symports

__ are transport proteins that remove Na+ from filtrate while adding H+ to filtrate

Antiports

Tubular secretion removes drugs that cannot pass through Glomerular filtration such as

penicillin or aspirin

Filtrate vs Urine

Filtrate → good and bad, Urine → garbage

Yellow color is due to __ produced in the __ as hemoglobin in RBCs is broken down.

urochrome, spleen

Cloudiness in urine is due to __ and called __ associated with __

pus (dead WBCs), pyuria, urinary tract infections (UTIs)

Redness is due to RBCs and called __ associated with UTIs, physical trauma, bladder cancer, or _

hematuria, renal calculi (stones)

Kidney stones are sometimes treated with __

lithotripsy

The specific gravity of normal urine ranges from 1.001 – 1.035

Abnormally high specific gravity is due to severe dehydration, pyrexia, or kidney disease like pyelonephritis

A device called a hydrometer is used to measure the specific gravity of urine

More than 2 liters per day is polyuria. Less than 500mL per day is oliguria. Less than 100mL per day is anuria

Diuretics increase urine volume. ◦ Caffeine dilates afferent arterioles. ◦ Alcohol inhibits ADH secretion. ◦ Loop diuretics reduce the countercurrent multiplier, but they are typically only prescribed for exceptionally high BP.

The volume of blood plasma completely cleared of a specific substance per unit of time (typically mL/min) is called renal clearance