Abnormal Psychology Final

Neuroleptic drugs (Antipsychotic drugs)

Neuroleptic drugs (Antipsychotic drugs)

Often effective in treating people with schizophrenia are dopamine antagonists, partially blocking the brain’s use of dopamine

Tardive Dyskinesia

Involuntary movements of the tongue, puffing of the cheeks, puckering of the mouth, and chewing movements

Results from long-term use of high doses of antipsychotic medication

Often irreversible

Schizophrenia

Disrupts perception of the world, thought, speech, movement, and almost every other aspect of daily functioning

Chronic with a high relapse rate; complete recovery is rsare

Positive Symptoms of Schizophrenia (obvious signs)

Delusions (disorder of thought content)

Hallucinations (experience of sensory events without any input from the surrounding environment)

Negative Symptoms of Schizophrenia (absence of normal behavior)

Avolition/Apathy (inability to initiate + persist in activities)

Alogia (relative absence of speech)

Anhedonia ( presumed lack of pleasure)

Asociality ( lack of interest in social interactions)

Affective Flattering (Emotionless demeanor when a reaction is to be expected)

Disorganized Speech (Specific style of talking in people with schizophrenia- incoherence and a lack of typical logic patterns)

Neurodevelopmental Disorder

Neurologically based disorders that are revealed in a clinically significant way during a child’s development years

Specific Learning Disorder

Neurodevelopment disorder characterized by academic performance that is substantially below what would be expected given the person’s age, intelligence quotient (IQ) score, and education

Restricted Behavior Pattern

More striking characteristics of ASD

Ex: Amy liked things to stay the same and became extremely upset even of small changes such as moving her toys in her room

Ritualistic Behavior within Autism

Spent hours in these behaviors

Ex: spinning around in circles, waving their hands in front of their eyes with their heads cocked to one side, or biting their hands

Intellectual Disability Levels

Mild (IQ 50-55) and 70

Moderate (IQ 30-40) to (50-55)

Severe (IQ 20-25) to (35-40)

Profound (IQ below 20-25)

Possible Causes of Dementia

Several Medical Conditions such as infection or depression

Abuse of drugs or alcohol that produce negative changes in cognitive functioning

Agnosia

Inability to recognize and name objects

Alexia

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Affects a person's ability to read and comprehend written language

Apraxia

Impaired motor functioning

Case of O’Connor v. Donaldson

The case of O'Connor v. Donaldson was a landmark decision by the United States Supreme Court in 1975. The case involved a man named Kenneth Donaldson who had been involuntarily committed to a mental institution in Florida for 15 years. The Court ruled that a state cannot constitutionally confine a non-dangerous individual who is capable of surviving safely in freedom by themselves or with the help of willing and responsible family members or friends. This decision established that involuntary commitment to a mental institution is a deprivation of liberty that requires due process protections under the Fourteenth Amendment.

“Sexual Psychopath Laws”

Provided hospitalization instead of incarceration, but for an infinite period

Civil vs. Criminal Court

Civil court: deals with disputes between individuals or organizations, such as contract disputes, property disputes, and personal injury claims

Purpose: to provide a remedy for the harm caused

Criminal court: deals with cases where a person is accused of committing a crime, such as theft, assault, or murder.

Purpose: punish the offender for their actions.

Parens Patriae

“State or “country “ as the parent power

Mens Rea

Having a “guilty mind”

Diminished Capacity

A legal defense that argues a defendant's mental capacity was significantly impaired at the time of the crime, which prevented them from fully understanding the nature of their actions or distinguishing right from wrong

NGRI

Not guilty by reason of insanity

Differences between NGRI and GBMI

NGRI stands for "not guilty by reason of insanity"

Defendant was not responsible for their actions due to a mental illness at the time of the crime and is committed to a mental health facility

GBMI stands for "guilty but mentally ill"

Defendant was responsible for their actions but had a mental illness that may have contributed to the crime and is serving their sentence in a prison with access to mental health treatment

Competent to Stand trial

The ability of legal defendants to participate in their own defense and understand the charges and the roles of the trial participants

Tarasoff v Regents of the University of California

Case Name: Tarasoff v Regents of the University of California

Year: 1976

Facts: A therapist at the University of California, Berkeley, had a patient who expressed an intention to kill a specific person. The therapist informed the campus police, but they did not detain the patient. The patient later killed the intended victim's girlfriend. The victim's parents sued the university for failing to warn their son of the danger.

Issue: Does a therapist have a duty to warn a potential victim of a patient's violent intentions?

Ruling: The California Supreme Court held that a therapist has a duty to protect a potential victim from a patient's violent behavior. This duty may require the therapist to warn the potential victim or to take other steps to prevent harm.

Significance: The Tarasoff case established the principle that mental health professionals have a duty to protect potential victims from their patients. This duty is now known as the Tarasoff duty or Tarasoff warning. It has been adopted in some form by many states and has had a significant impact on the practice of psychotherapy.

Delusional Disorder

Persistent belief contrary to reality(delusion) but no other symptoms of schizophrenia

Erotomanic Type (Delusional order type)

Another person is in love with the individual

Grandiose Type (Delusional order type)

The conviction of having some great (but unrecognized) talent or insight or having made some important discovery

Jealous Type (Delusional order type)

Individual’s delusion is that his or her spouse or lover is unfaithful

Persecutory Type (Delusional order type)

He or she is being conspired against, cheated, spied on , followed, poisoned or drugged, maliciously, maligned, harassed, or obstructed in the pursuit of long-term goals

Somatic Type (Delusional order type)

Bodily functions or sensations (central theme for delusions)

Mixed Type (Delusional order type)

No delusional theme predominated

Unspecified Type (Delusional order type)

The dominant delusional belief cannot be clearly determined or is not described in the specific types

Auditory Hallucinations

Hearing things that are not there

Schizophrenirorm Disorder

Psychotic disorder that involves symptoms of schizophrenia but lasting less than 6 months

Schizoaffective Disorder

Psychotic disorder featuring symptoms of both schizophrenia and major mood disorder

Shared Psychotic Disorder

An individual develops delusions simply as a result of a close relationship with a delusional individual

Brief Psychotic Disorder

The presence of one or more positive symptoms such as delusions, hallucinations, or disorganized speech or behavior lasting 1 month or less

Attenuated Psychosis Syndrome

Onset of psychotic symptoms such as hallucinations and delusions, which puts a person at high risk for schizophrenia

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

Developmental disorder featuring maladaptive levels of inattention, excessive activity, and impulsiveness

Childhood-Onset Fluency Disorder

Repetitions of words or parts of words, as well as prolongations of speech sounds

Language Disorder

Combination of expressive language disorder and receptive language disorder

ELD( getting one’s meaning or message across to others)

RLD ( understanding the message coming from others)

Social (Pragmatic) Communication Disorder

Difficulties with the social aspects of verbal and nonverbal communication ( verbosity, prosody, excessive switching of topics, and dominating conversations)

Tourette’s Disorder

Involuntary motor movements(tics), such as head twitching, or vocalizations, such as grunts, that often occur in rapid succession, come on suddenly, and happen in idiosyncratic or stereotyped ways. Vocal tics often include the involuntary repetition of obscenities.

Autism Spectrum Disorder

The child shows significant impairment in social communication and has restricted patterns of behavior, interest, and activities

Asperger’s Disorder

A neurodevelopmental disorder that affects an individual's ability to socialize and communicate effectively with others. People with Asperger's Disorder may also have difficulty with nonverbal communication, such as making eye contact or understanding facial expressions.

Childhood Disintegrative Disorder

Severe regression in language, adaptive behavior, and motor skills after a 2-to 4-year period of normal development

Rett Disorder

Progressive neurodevelopment disorder featuring constant hand-writing, intellectual disability, and impaired motor skills

Pervasive Developmental Disorder

Wide-ranging, significant, and long-lasting dysfunctions that appear before the age of 18

Intellectual Developmental Disorder (ID)

When one achieves a significantly below-average score on a test of intelligence and by limitations in the ability to function in areas of daily life

Phenylketonuria

Recessive disorder involving the inability to break down a food chemical whose buildup causes intellectual disability, seizures, and behavior problems

Lesch-Nyhan Syndrome

X-linked disorder characterized by intellectual disability, signs of cerebral palsy, and self-injurious behavior

Down syndrome

Intellectual disability caused by a chromosomal aberration(chromosome 21) and involving characteristic physical appearance. (trisomy 21)

Fragile X syndrome

Pattern of abnormality caused by a defect in the X chromosome resulting in intellectual disability, learning problems, and unusual physical characteristics

Cultural-familial Intellectual Disability

Mild intellectual disability that may be caused largely by environmental disorders

Delirium

Rapid-onset reduced clarity of consciousness and cognition, with confusion, disorientation, and deficits in memory and language

Major Neurocognitive Disorder (Dementia)

Gradual deterioration of brain functioning that affects memory, judgement, language, and other advanced cognitive processes

Mild Neurocognitive Disorder

Modest impairment in cognitive abilities that can be overcome with accommodations such as extensive lists or elaborative schedules

Alzheimer’s Disease

“Strange disease of the cerebral cortex” that causes an “atypical form of senile dementia” discovered in 1906 by German psychiatrist Alois Alzheimer

Neurocognitive Disorder due to Alzheimer’s Disease

Increasing memory impairment and other multiple behavioral and cognitive deficits, affecting language, motor-functioning, ability to recognize people or things, and/or planning

Substance/Medication-Induced Neurocognitive Disorder

Brain damage caused by prolonged use of drugs, often in combination with a poor diet

Vascular Neurocognitive Disorder

Permanent deterioration due to blocked or damaged blood vessels in the brain(stroke)

Symptoms: declines in the speed of information processing and executive functioning; problems with walking and weakness of limbs

Neurocognitive Disorders Due to Other Medical Conditions

Similar in effect to other cognitive disorders

Caused by head trauma, Lewy bodies, HIV etc.