APUSH

Alexander Hamilton's Financial Plan

Alexander Hamilton's Financial Plan

Hamilton's financial plan included establishing creditworthiness through government bonds, creating a national debt with interest-bearing bonds, establishing a national bank, implementing taxes on whiskey and foreign goods, and government subsidies.

Controversy of Hamilton's Plan

The controversy surrounding Hamilton's plan stemmed from its reliance on British trade relations, opposition to westward expansion, doubts about the central bank's promotion of American prosperity, concerns about the plan's constitutionality, and public discontent over the whiskey tax.

French Revolution Impact on American Society

The French Revolution initially garnered American support but later divided the public due to radical events like the execution of King Louis XVI, leading to contrasting views between Jeffersonians and Hamiltonians.

Alien and Sedition Acts

The Alien Act allowed deportation of "dangerous" foreigners, while the Sedition Act targeted assemblies or publications opposing the government, sparking outrage among Jefferson's supporters and Federalists justifying them as necessary for national stability.

Partisanship in Early American Politics

Early American politics witnessed significant partisanship and polarization, exemplified by personal attacks, contrasting views between Federalists and Democratic-Republicans, and the contentious Alien and Sedition Acts.

Jefferson's Political Vision

Jefferson's political vision in his first 100 days emphasized economy in government, unrestricted trade, freedom of religion and the press, agrarian economy, reduced federal power, and strict constructionism, though some actions like the Louisiana Purchase contradicted his principles.

Assimilation of Native Americans

The image depicts the assimilation of Native Americans into American culture through trade, showcasing a blend of traditional and American customs, including clothing, gender roles, and agricultural practices.

War of 1812

The War of 1812 resulted in a nuanced outcome with no clear victor, as it asserted American independence and defense of republican institutions but also saw inconsistent victories on both sides, highlighting the complexities of the conflict.

War of 1812

A conflict between the United States and Britain that solidified American control east of the Mississippi, fostered national pride, and expedited future expansion by removing British and Native American resistance.

Tecumseh and Tenskwatawa

Native American leaders who fought against American expansion into the Louisiana Territory, ultimately losing and leading to the displacement and assimilation of Native Americans.

Market Revolution

An economic upheaval in the US driven by technological advances, transportation changes, and integration into the global economy, impacting the North with industrialization and the South with agrarian growth.

Irish and German Immigration

Immigrants from Ireland and Germany came to the US due to turmoil in Europe, with Irish settling in the Northeast for low-wage labor and Germans moving to the Midwest for farmland and skilled jobs, facing nativist hostility.

Germans in America

Germans who immigrated to urban areas were often Democrats and faced discrimination similar to the Irish.

Democrats and Germans

Most German immigrants in urban areas supported the Democratic Party, which advocated for the common man.

Discrimination of Germans

German immigrants faced discrimination from nativists due to reasons like low wages, but to a lesser extent than the Irish.

Market Revolution

The seal of Arkansas glorifies the Market Revolution, symbolizing progress, technology, and commerce.

First Great Awakening vs

The First Great Awakening focused on fear and radical religious revival, while the Second Great Awakening emphasized liberalism and women's rights.

Impact of Market Revolution on Women

The Market Revolution shifted economic activities out of homes, leading to changes in women's traditional roles and the rise of the Cult of Domesticity.

Monroe Doctrine

A US foreign policy doctrine aimed at preventing European intervention in the Western hemisphere while asserting American hegemony in Latin America.

Roosevelt Corollary

An addition to the Monroe Doctrine in 1904, signifying America's intention to shape the sociopolitical landscape of Latin America.

Democratic Party Platforms

Advocated limited government, states' rights, and opposed temperance, reflecting the Democratic-Republicans' stance. Today, the Democratic Party leans towards progressive policies.

Whig Party Platforms

Supported a strong central government, the American system, and government intervention in private lives, akin to Federalist beliefs. This aligns with some aspects of the modern Republican Party's platform.

Bank Wars

Andrew Jackson's actions against the Second Bank of the United States, including vetoing its charter extension, led to the establishment of pet banks, inflation, and the Panic of 1837.

Nullification Crisis

A conflict arising from South Carolina's nullification of the Tariff of 1828, leading to Jackson's enforcement with the Force Act, highlighting tensions over states' rights.

Trail of Tears

The forced relocation of Native Americans from the South to the West in 1838-1839, a result of Jackson's Indian Removal Act, causing significant loss of life.

Alexis de Tocqueville

French writer who critiqued American political society in "Democracy in America," offering an outsider's perspective on American democracy.

Minstrel Shows

Entertainment using blackface and caricatures of African Americans, perpetuating negative stereotypes and influencing American culture until the 1920s.

Information Revolution

Enhanced media and information dissemination due to innovations like canals, railroads, and the telegraph during the Market Revolution, facilitating communication and trade.

Slave Family Connections

Slave traders disregarded family ties among slaves, selling them based on profitability rather than keeping families intact.

Gender Roles in Slave Communities

Slave women were not subject to the "cult of domesticity" due to slave men's inability to provide or protect their families, resulting in a more equal status between slave men and women.

Passing Down Culture in Slave Communities

The family unit in African-American slave communities facilitated the transmission of culture, traditions, values, and survival skills across generations.

Slave Religion and Christianity

African-American Christianity preached liberation and freedom, blending Christian beliefs with African traditions to create a form of religion that emphasized equality and the story of Exodus.

Forms of Resistance to Slavery

Resistance to slavery included escape attempts, disrupting work routines, feigning illness, theft, and more serious crimes like poison or arson, with fugitive slaves posing a significant threat to the institution of slavery.

Utopian Communities

Utopian communities emerged as a form of resistance and reform, aiming to create cooperative societies in response to growing class divides and individualism, with examples like the Shakers, Mormons, and Oneida community.

Temperance Movement

The Temperance Movement sought to curb alcohol consumption, primarily led by women due to the negative impact of alcoholism on families, but faced challenges like the rise of crime organizations during Prohibition.

American Colonization Society

The society aimed to send freed black slaves back to Africa, reflecting Jeffersonian beliefs that African-Americans could not integrate into American society, leading to displacement of native populations in Liberia.

Militant Abolitionism

William Lloyd Garrison's militant abolitionism involved aggressive rhetoric against slavery and slaveholders, advocating for moral suasion to convince Americans of the evils of slavery.

Abolitionist Strategies

Garrison, Frederick Douglass, and Harriet Beecher Stowe employed different strategies to end slavery, with Stowe's approach in "Uncle Tom's Cabin" being deemed most effective for humanizing slaves and appealing to emotions.

Women's Role in Society

Women were confined to specific roles in society, faced social stigma when deviating from these roles, and experienced disenfranchisement, similar to the struggles of African-Americans.

Sojourner Truth's Speech

Sojourner Truth's powerful speech at the Women's Rights Convention in 1851, with the phrase "Ain't I A Woman," challenged societal norms by questioning the treatment of black women compared to white women and men.

Perfectionism

An outlook popularized by religious revivals that believed in continuous improvement for individuals and society, leading to broader reform movements.

Common School

Educational reformers aimed to establish public state schools funded by taxpayers to bridge class gaps and enhance social stability, despite opposition from parents preferring private or homeschooling.

American Anti-Slavery Society

Inspired by the British Anti-Slavery Society, this organization, including members like William Lloyd Garrison and Frederick Douglass, advocated for the abolition of slavery.

Uncle Tom's Cabin

Harriet Beecher Stowe's influential novel humanized the struggles of slaves, contributing to the abolitionist cause by selling over a million copies by 1854.

Shakers

A successful religious utopian community believing in gender equality but emphasizing "virgin purity" with separate living quarters for men and women.

Mormons

Initially founded in upstate NY, Mormons faced persecution primarily due to their practice of polygamy, revealing limits to religious tolerance.

Declaration of Sentiments

Presented at the Seneca Falls Convention, this document marked the start of the women's rights movement by asserting women's equality with men.

Women Suffrage

The involvement of women in reform and abolition movements post-Second Great Awakening led to increased political engagement and questioning of gender-based inequalities.