AP WORLD HISTORY-CRAM SHEET

Byzantine Empire

Preserved Greco-Roman culture and influenced Eastern Orthodox Christianity.

Islamic Caliphates

Flourished in science, mathematics, and philosophy, spreading innovations across the Middle East and beyond.

Mongol Empire

Created the largest contiguous empire in history, facilitating trade and communication along the Silk Roads.

Song Dynasty

Notable for advancements in technology, agriculture, and economy, including cultural achievements in art and literature.

Abbasid Caliphate

Succeeded the Umayyads, known for cultural flourishing and establishment of the House of Wisdom in Baghdad.

Delhi Sultanate

A significant power in India contributing to the spread of Islam.

Mali Empire

Known for its wealth from gold trade and promotion of education and culture, exemplified by Mansa Musa.

Tribute System

An economic taxation method where conquered peoples paid goods or labor to the Aztec rulers.

Incas

A major civilization in South America known for their innovative agricultural techniques and architectural achievements.

Silk Roads

Trade network encouraging cultural diffusion, including the spread of Islam and gunpowder.

Columbian Exchange

Introduced new crops, animals, and diseases, impacting population dynamics.

Maritime Empire

Empires like Spanish and British that utilized advanced ships and navigation techniques.

Atlantic Slave Trade

Enslavement of millions of Africans leading to the formation of triangular trade.

Gunpowder Empires

Empires characterized by centralized political power and military strength, including Ottoman and Mughal.

Protestant Reformation

Movement that challenged Catholic Church dominance, leading to religious conflicts.

Industrial Revolution

Period of significant industrial growth, urbanization, and class tensions originating in Britain.

Second Industrial Revolution

Characterized by advancements in steel, electricity, and chemical industries.

Imperialism

The peak of European colonization efforts in Africa and Asia during the 19th century.

Resistance Movements

Various uprisings against colonial powers, including Zulu and Sepoy rebellions.

World War 1

Conflict triggered by militarism, alliances, nationalism, and imperialism.

Treaty of Versailles

Peace treaty that ended World War 1 and set up the League of Nations.

World War 2

A global conflict caused by fascism and economic instability, leading to significant geopolitical changes.

Cold War

A political and military rivalry mainly between the U.S. and U.S.S.R after World War 2.

Decolonization

The process through which colonies gained independence, often through conflict.

Globalization

Increased global interconnectedness through trade, migration, and technology, with emerging concerns over human rights.