Bacteria and diseases

Microbiology

What is the study of microorganisms?

Pathogen

This is a disease causing agent

True pathogen

this is a disease causing in immunocompetent person

opportunistic pathogen

This causes disease in an immunocompromised person

non-pathogen

this do not cause disease

infection

Invasion & growth of the pathogenic microorganisms

disease

the result of an infection that results in tissue function impairment

-humans

What are the reservoirs or microorganism sources?

-animals

-food( from plant and animal sources)

-water

-air

-soil

Direct transmission

Mode of transmission where it is transmitted by direct contact between reservoir and host

Indirect transmission

Mode of transmission where it is transmitted to host via intervening agents

vectors and vehicles

What is the two types of intervening agents?

Vectors

This is animals, insects and other humans in intervening agents

vehicles

This is water, food, air, medical devices, various other inanimate objects in intervening agents

Host

A person who permits the lodgment of an infectious disease agent under natural condition

immune status of the host

The outcome from interaction between host and pathogen

microbial factors inherent to invading microorganism

The outcome from interaction between host and pathogen

Community acquired infection

This is an infection that developed outside the hospital

Community acquired infection

present/incubating at the time of hospital admission

nosocomial infection

Infections that developed in the hospital

nosocomial infection

erupt within 48hrs from time of hospital admission

Local Infection

An infection that affects only a specific part of the body

Generalized Infection

An infection that affects the entire body

Fulminating Infection

An intense and severe infection that may be life-threatening

Exogenous Infection

An infection that involves a pathogen entering a host from the environment.

Endogenous Infection

An infection caused by a pathogen that is already colonizing a body part.

occurrence and spread of infection

This occurs when microorganism/pathogen invades sterile body tissue

Colonization

The establishment of a microorganism on a body surface without causing disease

Invasion of tissue

The penetration of a microorganism into body tissues to cause disease.

toxin production

damage the host at the site of infection/ distant to the site of infection

carrier

harbor the pathogen without having the disease

passive

carrier that carry the pathogen without having had the disease

incubatory

transmitting a pathogen during incubation pd of a particular pathogen

convalescent

harbor and transmit a particular pathogen while recovering from the disease

active carrier

completely recovered from disease but continue to harbor the pathogen indefinitely

zoonoses or zoonotic

injection of the pathogen by an arthropod vector

routes of transmission

for the pathogen to initiate an infection must gain access to the host

contact transmission

most common route of transmission

direct

pathogen is transmitted directly from one person to another

indirect

transfer of pathogen through contaminated intermediate object/person

droplet transmission

are generated when an infected individual discharges large contaminated liquid droplets

droplet transmission

cough sneezing and talking

droplet transmission

nesseria meningitis, influenza, sars, small pox are example of

airborne transmission

this is the spread of airborne droplet nuclei

airborne transmission

Myobacterium tuberculosis, VZV, rubella virus are example of

Bacteremia

The presence of bacteria in the bloodstream

Septicemia

Bacteremia accompanied by clinical signs and symptoms of bacterial invasion and toxin production

Virulence

The degree of pathogenicity of a microorganism, including its ability to invade, adhere, colonize, and cause tissue damage

lethal dose

Dose that will kill an organism

infective dose

minimum number of microorganism required for an infection to proceed

incubation period

no signs or symptoms

prodromal period

mild signs or symptoms

period of illness

most severe signs and symptoms

period of decline

signs and symptoms

ADHERENCE

Everything now is responsible or adhering to the host cell

colonization adherance

Pili /fimbrae, Teichoic acids, Adhesins, Biofilms , Capsules, Iga protease are the type of what MECHANISM OF MICROBIAL PATHOGENS?

Pili / fimbrae

Attaches bacterial cell to another host cells surface

Teichoic acids

Only present in a gram-positive organism and Responsible in attaching to the host cell

Adhesins

Type of virulence factor that allows adhesion of the bacteria to the host cell/surface again

Adhesins

Sometimes, they have specific appearance wherein they need to be paired with the host cell

Biofilms

Collection of one or more types of organism that can grow on the surface

Capsules

Required for the virulence of the organism

Capsules

Ex: streptococcus pneumoniae (halo on the side is the capsule)

Iga protease

Cleaves the protein for adherence

Iga protease

Substances or parts of bacteria that is responsible in adhering to the host cell

Iga protease

Once they adhere, they are now capable of causing disease

Tissue invasion

Microorganism enter host cell and spread to the body

Tissue invasion

Collagenase , Hyaluronidase, Coagulase, lga - protease antibody are the type of what MECHANISM OF MICROBIAL PATHOGENS?

Collagenase

Breaks down collagen network of the muscles ex. Clostridium perfringens

Hyaluronidase

Catalyzes the degradation of the hyaluronic acid present in the host cell ex. Staphylococcus aureus and Subcutaneous tissue

Accelerates fibrin clot formation

Protect bacteria from phagocytosis

Coat organism w/ layer of fibrin

Coagulase

ex. Staphylococcus aureus

capsule/slime layer

this is anti-phagocytic

Exotoxin

Outside, Excreted by mostly the grampositive (+) organism

Inside, Specific only in a gram negative (-) organism , Hard to kill (Heat stable)

Endotoxin

Composition: Lipopolysaccharide

Exotoxin

source is gram +/-

Exotoxin

Chemistry is Polypeptide

Exotoxin

Toxicity is High (FD/lug)

Exotoxin

Heat stability is Heat labile (Except S.a)

Exotoxin

Vaccines is Converted to toxoids

Endotoxin

Source is G (-)

Endotoxin

Chemistry is LPS

Endotoxin

Toxicity is Low (FD/100)

Endotoxin

Heat is Heat stable

Endotoxin

Vaccines is Not converted to toxoids

PROTEIN INHIBITORS

Inhibits eukaryotic cell protein synthesis

PROTEIN INHIBITORS

Either stops or slows down the proliferation of the cell by disrupting the process for it to have proteins

PROTEIN INHIBITORS

Pseudomonas aeruginosa (exo A) is an example of

PROTEIN INHIBITORS

EHEC (Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia Coli.) is an example of

PROTEIN INHIBITORS

Corynebacterium diphtheriae (Dipht tox) is an example of

PROTEIN INHIBITORS

Shigella dysenteriae (Shiga tox) is an example of

NEUROTOXINS

Toxins that is responsible in the destruction of the nerve tissue

NEUROTOXINS

Cause neurotoxicity or neural damage