Week 7 Objectives

A & P lab

fibrous joint

adjoining bones connected by dense fibrous connective tissue; no joint cavity; ex. between tibia and fibula

cartilaginous joint

adjoining bones united by cartilage; no joint cavity; ex. anterior connection of pubic bones

synovial joint

adjoining bones covered in articular cartilage; separated by a joint cavity and enclosed in an articular capsule lined with a synovial membrane; ex. between carpal, elbow joint, and shoulder joint

flexion

a movement, generally in the sagittal plane, that decreased the angle of the join and reduces the distance between the two bones; ex. bending neck or at hip forward

extension

a movement that increases the angle of a joint and the distance between two bones or parts of the body; opposite of flexion; ex. moving neck back to normal after flexion

hyperextension

when extension proceeds beyond anatomical position; ex. neck bending backward

abduction

movement of a limb away from the midline of the body, along the frontal plane, or the fanning movement of fingers or toes to spread them apart

adduction

movement of a limb toward the midline of the body or drawing the fingers or toes together; opposite of abduction

circumduction

a combination of flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction commonly observed in ball - and - socket joints; the limb as a whole outlines a cone

medial rotation

rotation toward the midline

lateral rotation

rotation away from the midline

pronation

movement of the palm from an anterior position to a posterior position

supination

movement of the palm from a posterior position to an anterior position

dorsiflexion

a movement of the ankle joint that lifts the foot so that its superior surface approaches the shin

plantar flexion

a movement of the ankle joint in which the foot is flexed downward as if standing on one’s toes or pointing them

inversion

a movement that turns the sole of the feet medially

eversion

a movement that turns the sole of the foot laterally

acetabular labrum

enhances acetabulum with a circular rim of fibrocartilage

acetabular labrum

1

ligamentum teres

runs from the fovea capitis to the acetabulum to help secure femur; short

ligamentum teres

2

iliofemoral ligament

anterior surface; “screw” the femur head into the socket when a person stands up; superior to pubofemoral

iliofemoral ligament

3

pubofemoral ligament

anterior surface; inferior to the iliofemoral ligament

pubofemoral ligament

5

ischiofemoral ligament

posterior side of hip; limits the degree to which the hip joint can rotate medially

ischiofemoral ligament

posterior/anterior cruciate ligament

intracapsular ligaments that cross in the notch between the femoral condyles; help prevent anterior/posterior displacement

posterior cruciate ligament

5

anterior cruciate ligament

4

patellar ligament

runs from the patella to the tibia below and merge with the capsule on either side

patellar ligament

1

fibular collateral ligament

extracapsular; prevent rotation during extension; lateral side of the knee

fibular collateral ligament

3

tibial collateral ligament

extracapsular; prevents rotation during extension; medial side of the knee

tibial collateral ligament

2

medial meniscus

backwards “c” on medial side of the knee

medial meniscus

6

lateral meniscus

“c” shaped on lateral side of the knee

lateral meniscus

7

glenoid labrum

a rim of fibrocartilage that slightly deepens the glenoid cavity of the scapula; between humeral head and glenoid cavity

glenoid labrum

1

coracohumeral ligament

helps support the weight of the upper limb

coracohumeral ligament

2

coracoacromial ligament

connects the acromion and coracoid process

coracromial ligament

3

glenohumeral ligaments

three weak ligaments that strengthen the front of the capsule in the shoulder joint

glenohumeral ligaments

4

radial collateral ligament

lateral; diagonal that connect humerus to ulna

radial collateral ligament

1

ulnar collateral ligament

medial diagonal that connects humerus to ulna

ulnar collateral ligament

3

annular ligament

wraps around radius

annular ligament

2

muscle fiber

relatively large, long cylindrical skeletal muscle cell

sarcolemma

plasma membrane of muscle fiber

mitochondria

in between myofibrils

sarcoplasmic reticulum

elaborate smooth endoplasmic reticulum of the muscle fiber

triad

regions where the SR terminal cisterns border a T tubule on each side

T tubule

transverse tubules that run deep into cross channels of muscle fiber

terminal cisternae of SR

cross channels of the SR

myofibril

long, rod shaped organelles that nearly fill the sarcoplasm

sarcomere

the actual contractile units of muscle

bands

alternating light (I) and dark (A); give appearance of being striped

Z disc

middle line of I band in zigzag line

M line

line in the middle of the A band

myofilament

smaller threadlike structures that make up of myofilaments

neuromuscular junction

the junction between an axon of a motor neuron and a muscle fiber

axon terminal

participates in forming a neuromuscular junction with a single muscle fiber; end of terminal branches

synaptic cleft

small fluid gap that separates neuron and muscle fiber

trapezius

* most superficial muscle of posterior thorax; origin → occipital bone, insertion → acromion and spinous process, lateral third of the clavicle
* Extends head and rotates scapula

trapezius

deltoid

* fleshy triangular muscle forming shoulder muscle mass; origin→ lateral 1/3 of the clavicle, acromion and spine of scapula, insertion→ deltoid tuberosity of humerus
* abducts arms

\

deltoid

pectoralis major

* large fan-shaped muscle covering upper portion of chest
* adducts and rotates humerus

pectoralis major

latissimus dorsi

* broad, flat muscle of lower back; extensive superficial origins
* extends, adducts, and rotates arm

latissimus dorsi

supraspinatus

* a rotator cuff muscle; partially covered by deltoid and trapezius
* abducts arm, and stabilizes shoulder

supraspinatus

infraspinatus

* a rotator cuff muscle; partially covered by deltoid and trapezius
* laterally rotates arm

infraspinatus

teres major

* located inferiorly to teres minor
* adducts, and rotates arm.

teres major

yellow

biceps brachii

* on anterior surface of humerus; two head muscle bulges when arm is flexed
* flexes, and supinates forearm

biceps brachii

triceps brachii

* large fleshy muscle of the posterior humerus
* extends forearm

triceps brachii

brachialis

* immediately deep to biceps brachii
* flexes forearm
* “above elbow”

brachialis

brachioradialis

* superficial muscle of lateral forearm
* “below elbow”
* flexes forearm

brachioradialis

pronator teres

* seen in a superficial view between proximal margins of brachioradialis and flexor carpi radialis
* pronates forearm

pronator teres

palmaris longus

* small, fleshy muscle with a long tendon; medial to flexor carpi radialis
* anchors skin and fascia of palm

palmaris longus

flexor carpi radialis

* superficial, runs diagonally across forearm
* flexes, and abducts wrist

flexor carpi radialis

flexor carpi ulnaris

* superficial; medial to palmaris longus
* flexes and adducts wrist

flexor carpi ulnaris