Intro to Psych Final Review

1. Know What Experiment Involves

Two Groups: Experimental And Control
Variables: Dependent And Independent
The Experimental Group Receives The Independent Variable Manipulated By The Investigator
The Dependent Variable Is The Result Of The Experiment
The Independent Variable Is Dependent On The Dependent Variable

2. Naturalistic Observation

Research Study By Which Investigator Watches A Group's Behavior To Discover Patterns

3. Random Sample

How A Population Has An Equal Chance Of Being Chosen For An Experimental Study

4. A Survey

A Sample Representative Questions Asked Of A Group About Behavior And/Or Opinions

5. Dependent Variable

The Results Of An Experiment

6. Positive Correlation & Negative Correlation

As One Variable Increases, The Other Does Also
As One Increases, The Other Decreases

7. Nervous System Two Major Divisions

Central And Peripheral

8. Synapse

Space Between Neurons

9. Brain Stem

Region Of Basic Brain Functions Such As Breathing, Coughing, Alertness

10. Know What Happens In The Various Brain Lobes

Occipital Is For Seeing, Temporal For Hearing; Injury To Occipital Could Damage Seeing; Injury To Temporal Could Damage Hearing, Etc

11. The Neuron

Made Of Up Dendrites That Receive Signals From Other Neurons, Cell Body That Processes Neurotransmitters, And Axon That Sends Signals To Next Neuron

12. The Peripheral Nervous System

Divided Into Sympathetic And Parasympathetic; The Sympathetic Is Excited With Activity And The Parasympathetic Calms Down After Activity

13. Shaping

Rewarding An Animal Little By Little Until It Performs At Desired Level Of Action

14. Operant Conditioning

Learning That Ensures Repeated Performance; E.G. Rewarding Good Behavior

15. Observational Learning

Learning By Watching And Imitating Another Person's Actions

16. Difference Between Reinforcement And Punishment

Reinforcement Increases A Behavior While Punishment Decreases It

17. Know What Unconditioned Stimulus And Conditioned Stimulus Are And What Conditioned And Unconditioned Responses Are.

(E.G Unconditioned Stimulus Would Be Food; Conditioned Stimulus Would Be Sounds Of Pots And Pans (Or A Bell) In Preparation For The Food.

18. Classical Conditioning

Uses Unconditioned And Conditioned Stimuli By The Process Of Association

19. Short-Term Memory

Has A Storage Capacity Of About 7 Items, Give-Or-Take Two

20. Retrieval

Is The Process Of Recalling Something From Long-Term Memory.

21. Chunking

An Encoding Process Of Finding Small Units That Are More Easily Remembered. E.G. Irsabccbsattciahbo = Irs Abc Cbs Att Cia Hbo

22. Semantic Memory

Explicit Memory That Recalls Specific Facts Like The Names Of The Countries In North America

23. Recognition

A Retrieval Method Of Memory Most Often Used In Multiple-Choice Questions

24. The Symmetrical Bell-Shaped Curve

Used To Represent The Distribution Of Scores As In Intelligence Scores Is Also Called The Normal Curve

25. Intelligence Is Equally Influenced By

Both Nature (Genes Or Genetic Inheritance) And By Nurture (Environment That Includes Life Experiences, Culture, Etc)

26. Authors Of Multiple Intelligence Tests

E.G. Weschler And Stanford-Binet. And Some Theorists Spoke Of Intelligence Like Terman, Freud, And Gardner. Howard Gardner Says There Are Multiple Intelligence

27. Intelligence Tests Do Not Measure

Creativity Because Intelligent Tests Measures Convergent Thinking While Creativity Uses Divergent Thinking.

28. A Test Must Be

Reliable, That Is Results In Consistent Scores, And It Must Be Valid, That Is Measure What It Is Supposed To Measure

29. Object Permanence

This Does Not Happen In A Child Until About The Age Of 8 Months

30. If An Illness Is Believed To Be Biological Inherited

It Is Believed To Be Due To The Nature Position Of Development

31. Longitudinal Studies Track

A Group Of Individuals Over A Period Of Time, E.G. From Childhood To Old Age… Cross-Sectional Studies Test Different Groups Simultaneously

32. Know The Different Kinds Of Parenting

Authoritarian: Strict Rules "My Way Because I Said So!!"
Authoritative: Boundaries With "Wiggle Room" Within Limits; Dialogue, Etc.
Permissive: Whatever You Feel Is Okay
Neglected: I Could Care Less...

33. Erikson's Stages Of Development

Trust Vs. Mistrust = Hope; Autonomy Vs. Shame = Will; Initiative Vs Guilt =Purpose; Industry Vs Inferiority = Competence; Identity Vs Isolation = Fidelity, Etc...

34. Freud Taught That

It Is The Unconscious That Is The Basis Of Human Personality

35. Humanism Teaches That

The Personality Must Be Capable Of Healthy Growth And Self-Actualization

36. The "Id" Wants

Whatever It Sees; It Is Based On The Pleasure Principle

37. The Big Five Theory Of Personality Is Easy To Remember With The Mnemonic OCEAN

Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, Neuroticism

38. Maslow's Pyramid Of Hierarchical Needs Starts With

Physiological Needs On The Bottom And Rises To The Top Need Of Self-Actualization

39. Psychoanalytic Therapy Uses

Free Association, Dream Analysis, And Transference As Techniques Of Psychotherapy

40. Aversive Conditioning Is The Use Of

Negative Methods To Stop Unwanted Behavior Like Giving An Alcoholic Antabuse, A Drug That Causes Vomiting If A Person Drinks Alcohol

41. Multiple Personalities Are The Same As

Dissociative Identity Disorder, E.G. Sybil Or "The Faces Of Eve"

42. Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Is The Result Of

Experiencing Horrible Death-Threatening Assaults As In Warfare, Muggings, Rapes, Etc.

43. Antisocial Personality Disorder Is A Personality Disorder That

Does Not Care About Another Person's Feelings, Well-Being, Or Possessions When Committing A Crime Against That Other Person

44. OCD Is

Obsessive Compulsion Disorder: Obsessive, Repeated Thoughts That Drive Ritualistic Repeated Behavior To Rid Oneself Of Those Repeated Thoughts

45. Schizophrenia Is

Characterized By Delusions, Hallucinations, Disordered Thoughts, And Inconsistent Behavior

46. Cognitive Dissonance Is

The Disconnect Between Professed Beliefs And Actual Behavior

47. Fundamental Attribution Error Is

Generalizing A Person's Character Based On Seeing Just One Situation In Which You Viewed That Person

48. Bystander Effect

A Group Of Persons Watches A Crime Being Committed With No One Interfering To Stop The Crime

49. Prejudice

A Stereotype, A Negative Attitude Toward A Group And Toward Individuals In That Group

50. Stanley Milgram's Experiment Showed

How Many If Not Most People Obey Authority To The Point Of Inflicting Injury Or Pain On Others. Milgram Wondered By People Obeyed The Nazi Orders To Exterminate Jews.