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personality
an individual’s characteristic way of thinking, feeling, and acting
Psychodynamic Theory of Personality
unconscious processes drive personality
Conscious
thoughts, wishes, feelings, memories we are aware of
Preconscious
thoughts, wishes, feelings, memories we can retrieve if we think about them
Unconscious
according to Freud, a reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories. According to cotemporary psychologists, information process of which we are unaware of
Id
a reservoir of unconscious psychic energy that according to Freud, strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives. The id operates on the pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification
Superego
the partly conscious part of our personality that, according to Freud, represents internalized ideals and provides standard for judgement (the conscience) and for future aspirations
Ego
the partly conscious, “executive” part of personality that, according to Freud, mediates among the demands of the id, the superego, and reality. The ego operates on the reality principle, satisfying the id’s desires in ways that will realistically bring pleasure rather than pain
Ego defense mechanisms
in psychoanalytic theory, the ego’s protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality
Defense Mechanism - Denial
refusing to believe or even perceive painful realities
Defense Mechanism - Displacement
redirecting unacceptable impulses toward a less threatening person or object
Defense Mechanism - Projection
disguising one’s own threatening impulses by attributing them to others
Defense Mechanism - Rationalization
offering self-justifying explanations in place of the real, more threatening unconscious reasons for one’s actions
Defense Mechanism - Reaction Formation
expressing the opposite of how one truly feels
Defense Mechanism - Regression
returning to an earlier, comforting form of behavior
Defense Mechanism - Repression
banishes from consciousness anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings and memories
Defense Mechanism - Sublimation
transferring of unacceptable impulses into socially valued motives
Projective Tests
a personality test, such as the TAT or Rorschach, that provides ambiguous images designed to trigger projection of one’s inner dynamics and explore the preconscious and unconscious mind
Personality Test - TAT
a projective test in which people express their inner feelings and interests through the stories they make up about ambiguous scenes
Rorschach Test
a projective test designed by Hermann Rorschach; seeks to identify people’s inner feelings by how they interpret 10 ink blots
Humanistic Theory of Personality
theories that view personality with a focus on the potential for healthy personal growth
people are basically good, and are primed to seek growth and fulfillment
Unconditional Positive Regard
a caring, accepting, non-judgmental attitude, which Carl Rogers believed would help clients develop self-awareness and self-acceptance
Self-Actualizing Tendency
according to Maslow, one of the ultimate psychological needs that arise after basic physical and psychological needs are met, and self esteem is achieved; the motivation to fulfill one’s potential
Social Cognitive Theory of Personality
