**Behaviourism

This set of flashcards focuses on key concepts related to behavior models in psychology, including classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and vicarious learning.

Classical Conditioning

A learning process that involves repeated pairing of a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus, leading to a conditioned response.

Stimulus Generalization

The tendency to respond to stimuli that are similar to the conditioned stimulus.

Extinction

The process in classical conditioning where the conditioned response diminishes when the conditioned stimulus is presented without the unconditioned stimulus.

UCR (Unconditioned Response)

A natural response that occurs without prior learning, such as salivating when food is presented.

UCS (Unconditioned Stimulus)

A stimulus that naturally triggers a response, such as food that causes salivation.

CS (Conditioned Stimulus)

A previously neutral stimulus that, after being paired with an unconditioned stimulus, comes to elicit a conditioned response.

CR (Conditioned Response)

A learned response to a previously neutral stimulus that has been paired with an unconditioned stimulus.

Operant Conditioning

A learning process where behavior is modified by its consequences, such as reinforcement or punishment.

Positive Reinforcement

The addition of a stimulus following a behavior that increases the likelihood of the behavior occurring again.

Negative Reinforcement

The removal of an aversive stimulus to increase a behavior's likelihood.

Positive Punishment

The introduction of a negative consequence following undesired behavior.

Negative Punishment

The removal of a favorable outcome or stimulus to decrease a behavior.

Tabula Rasa

The concept that individuals are born as a blank slate and that all knowledge is gained from experience.

Learned Helplessness

A condition in which a person feels unable to control or escape from stressors, leading to passive behavior.

Learned Optimism

The ability to maintain a positive outlook despite challenges and adversity, associated with better outcomes.

Vicarious Learning

Learning that occurs by observing the behaviors of others and the consequences of those behaviors.