Biology: Multicellular Organisms and Human Anatomy

A set of flashcards covering key concepts from a lecture on multicellular organisms, human anatomy, and respiration.

Major Bones in the Human Skeleton

Includes bones such as the skull, vertebrae, ribs, humerus, femur, and others.

Functions of the Human Skeleton

Support, movement, protection of organs, and production of blood cells.

Types of Joints

The three main types are fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial joints.

Features of a Synovial Joint

Includes a joint cavity, synovial fluid, and articular cartilage.

Function of Ligaments

Connect bone to bone, providing stability to joints.

Functions of Cartilage

Provides cushioning at joints and supports structural integrity.

Muscle Cell Adaptations

Muscle cells are long and contain many mitochondria, enabling contraction and energy production.

Function of Tendons

Connect muscle to bone, facilitating movement.

Antagonistic Muscle Pairs

Muscles that work against each other to create joint movement.

Respiration in Cells

All living cells perform respiration to obtain energy.

Word Equation for Aerobic Respiration

Glucose + Oxygen → Carbon Dioxide + Water + Energy.

Word Equation for Anaerobic Respiration (in Animals)

Glucose → Lactic Acid + Energy.

Aerobic vs. Anaerobic Respiration in Humans

Aerobic respiration requires oxygen and produces more energy than anaerobic respiration, which occurs in the absence of oxygen.

Word Equation for Anaerobic Respiration in Yeast

Glucose → Ethanol + Carbon Dioxide + Energy.

Conditions for Anaerobic Fermentation of Yeast

Requires an oxygen-free environment and a presence of sugars.