Geography Paper 2 - Section B

What is the development gap?

difference in standard of living between world's richest and poorest countries

Give an overview of Gross national income (GNI) per head as a measure of development.

- GNI per capita is an economics measurement

- tells us the total value of good/services produced by the country

- higher the GNI, the more developed it is expected to be

Give an overview of birth rates as a measure of development.

- number of live births per thousand per year

- in developed countries there will be a lower birth rate due to more contraception and birth control

- also in more developed countries women focus more on education and employment so will have less children

- low birth rate = more developed country

Give an overview of infant mortality as a measure of development.

- number of infant deaths per 1000 births

- good indicator of the quality of a country's healthcare system

Give an overview of life expectancy as a measure of development.

- number of years person may expect to live

- good indicator of countries availability of food and healthcare system

Give an overview of literacy rates as a measure of development.

- percentage of adults that can read and write

- high literacy rate shows the country has a good education system

Give an overview of the Human Development Index (HDI) as a measure of development.

- HDI combines GNI, life expectancy and number of years in education

- good measure of development as it combines economics (GNI) with social indicators and gives a good indication of standard and quality of living

What are the limitations of using economic and social measures of development?

- do not show the inequality within a country

- GNI can be measured per person so can provide an average rather than showing extremes of wealth and poverty

- also government corruption may make the data unreliable

What is the Demographic Transition Model?

- shows the changes in population information over a period of time

Describe stage 1 of the Demographic Transition Model and explain what it shows us about levels of development.

- high birth rate

- high death rate

- population stable

- LICs (mainly indigenous in isolation)

Describe stage 2 of the Demographic Transition Model and explain what it shows us about levels of development.

- death rate decreases

- birth rate remains high

- population rapidly grows

- most LICs

Describe stage 3 of the Demographic Transition Model and explain what it shows us about levels of development.

- birth rate drops

- death rate slowly decreases

- population grows but very slowly

- most NEE (India, Brazil, Nigeria)

Describe stage 4 of the Demographic Transition Model and explain what it shows us about levels of development.

- low birth rate

- low death rate

- stable population

- HICs mainly (UK, France)

Describe stage 5 of the Demographic Transition Model and explain what it shows us about levels of development.

- birth rate falls below death rate

- death rate increases because of old population

- population starts to decrease

- some HICs (Italy, Germany)

What is the dependency ratio

- proportion of people above and below working age

- approx 0-14 and 65+

- more dependents = more money needed to support them

List the causes of uneven development.

- physical

- economics

- historical

Explain the physical causes of uneven development.

- Africa has more landlocked countries than any other continent - makes it more difficult to trade via sea

- Tropical areas of Africa, Asia and South America have more diseases (malaria) so people find it harder to stay healthy and work

- lack of safe water in areas such as Sahara desert mean people spend most of the day collecting water instead of working

Explain the economic causes of uneven development.

- richer countries exploit poorer countries to supply raw materials where they are not paid very much

- this can hinder development meaning they cannot develop their countries and invest in infrastructure

- also countries can become over reliant on one commodity such as Nigeria and oil

- oil fluctuates a lot so oil prices can determine how much Nigeria develops

Explain the historical causes of uneven development.

- colonialism has led to political instability when countries have gained independence

- this leads to civils wars and govt corruption and so countries are unable to focus on development

List the consequences of uneven development.

- Disparities in wealth - countries are getting richer and richer while other countries stay poor

- Disparities in health - In Africa one child every minute dies from Malaria, developed countries have vaccination programmes and can invest in mosquito nets

- international migration - people are forced to leave their homes because it is unsafe to live their due to worse healthcare, civil wars and higher wages in developed countries

List the strategies used to reduce the development gap.

- Investment - countries and TNCs invest money in LICs to increase their own wealth and profit

- fairtrade - sets trade standards in countries and ensures farmers get a better deal, govt will get more money in taxation and can use that to devlop the country to pay for health and education

- debt relief - countries will borrow from other countries or the world bank to invest in devlopment projects however some countries have too much debt and they cant pay it back with interest. countries cancel the debt which frees up finance for countries to invest in development projects

What is your example to show how the growth of tourism in an LIC or NEE helps to reduce the development gap.

Jamaica

Explain how growth of tourism in Jamaica helps to reduce the development gap.

- in 2019 tourism was 35% of Jamaica's GDP around £2 billion per year

- tourism provides 200,000 jobs for Jamaicans and as tourists spend money on shops and hotel, more tax is paid to the govt who are able to reinvest to improve on health and education

Consider some of the problems associated with using tourism to reduce the development gap in Jamaica.

- Jamaica is heavily reliant on tourism

- COVID 19 pandemic meant that 50,000 employees in the tourist sector in Jamaica alone lost their jobs

- tourism has also led to a lot of development in the North region where there are mo beaches but hardly any development towards the South

Name your case study of an LIC or NEE which is experiencing rapideconomic development, leading to significant social, environmental and cultural change.

Nigeria

Outline Nigeria's location.

Country in West Africa

Outline Nigeria's regional importance.

- highest GDP in Africa

- largest population in Africa with 206 million

Outline Nigeria's global importance.

- supplies 2% of world oil

- Nigeria is 5th largest contributor to UN peacekeeping forces

Outline the wider political, social, cultural and environmental context within which the country is placed

- Political - Nigeria is a democracy with fair elections and a stable goverment. It has good relations particularly with the UK (colonialism) and China (investment)

- Social - economic inequality between south and north has led to emergence of terrorist group Boko Haram (also 90% of children attend school in South vs 45% in North)

- Cultural - wide range of cultures and religions - many Nigerian players play in the Premier League

- Environment - North of the country is mostly desert and Savannah, South is mostly forest with fertile lands perfect for farming

Outline Nigeria's changing industrial structure and the balance between different sectors of the economy. (Nigerias main exports)

- traditionally most of the income came from farming products like cocoa and timber

- however discovery of oil in 1950s led to oil becoming 90% of Nigerias export earnings

- this shows how it is a very unbalanced economy and they are over reliant on oil

Explain how the manufacturing industry has stimulated economic development in Nigeria.

- manufacturing is 27% of Nigeria's GDP

- many TNCs have manufacturing plants because of cheap labour and less labour laws

- this increases employment in Nigeria (Shell employs 3000 people)

- greater levels of taxation paid to govt which can be used to invest in development

Outline the role of transnational corporations (TNCs) in relation to industrial development in Nigeria.

- Shell promotes economic development and provides jobs for Nigerian people

Outline the advantages of Shell (a TNC) to Nigeria as a host country.

- provides direct employment to 3000 Nigerians as well as 10,000 contractors

- Shell also provides 5,000 scholarships to secondary schools and universities

Outline the disadvantages of Shell (a TNC) to Nigeria as a host country.

- oil spills in Niger Delta have caused significant water pollution

- one example is Bodo oil spills where 11 million gallons of oil were spilled into delta

- also most of profits go overseas instead of invested in the country

Outline Nigeria's changing political relationships with the wider world.

- until 1960s was part of the British Empire

- member of the Commonwealth countries

- contributed the 5th largest number of troops to UN peacekeeping forces

Outline Nigeria's changing trading relationships with the wider world.

- is a major trading nation

- main exports are petrol, natural gas, rubber, cocoa and cotton

- imports are refined petroleum from US, cars and telephones

Outline the types of international aid Nigeria receives and evaluate its impact on the country.

- receives long term aid from UK (£305 million)

- also recieves short term aid from World Bank

- aid is beneficial as it has aided devlopment and HIV test centers have been built across country to aid disease perevention

Provide an overview of the environmental impacts of economic development on Nigeria.

- 96% of Nigeria's' forest has been destroyed due to logging and agriculture

- oil spills such as Bodo oil spills (2008) where 11 million gallons of crude were spilled into the Niger Delta

Provide an overview of the effects of economic development in Nigeria on quality of life for the population.

- Nigeria's HDI has increased by 25% from 2000 to 2015

- life expectancy increased by 6 years during this time period

- Shell provides over 3000 scholarships to secondary schools and unis in Nigeria

How has UK economy changed over time

- before 1800 most people worked in primary sector (farming. mining)

- industrial revolution of 19th century changed this as people moved to towns and cities tothe secondary sector (manufacturing)

- last few decades this has changed to jobs more in the tertiary sector (services - finance, health, retail)

- recently quarternary sector has also developed

List the causes of economic change in the UK.

- deindustrialisation

- globalisation

Explain deindustrialisation as a cause of economic change in the UK.

- decline in secondary industries (manufacturing)

- growth in tertiary and quarternary

- machine and tech have replaced people in manufacturing

- other countries such as China and Indonesia can produce cheaper goods because of cheaper labour

- UK now focuses financial services and media

Explain globalisation as a cause of economic change in the UK.

- globalisation has caused increase in quarternary sector

- it has boosted world trade and allowed more products to be imported into uk

- contributed to a decline in manufacturing

What is a post-industrial economy?

- economy where manufacturing industry decline to be replaced by growth in the service sector and development in Quaternary sector

Outline the features associated with the move towards a post-industrial economy.

- development of information technology

- finance

- service industries

- research parks

Explain the development of information technology as a feature of the move towards a post-industrial economy in the UK.

- 775,000 people working in IT related jobs in the UK

- many technological businesses have been set up due to development in IT

Explain the development of service industries and finance as a feature of the move towards a post-industrial economy in the UK.

- service sector contributes 81% of UK economic output

- UK employs 1.1 million in financial sector

- financial services account for 7% of total UK economic output

Explain the development of science parks as a feature of the move towards a post-industrial economy in the UK.

- around 100 science parks in the UK employing over 100,000 people

- for example Bristol Science Park has close ties with University of Bristol which makes it very easy for access to research facilities and high quality graduates

Outline the key impacts of industry on the physical environment.

- industrial processes can cause water and air pollution

- transport of raw materials and manufacturing can increase air pollution and damage environment when roads are built or widened

Name and provide some background information on your example which shows how modern industrial development can be more environmentally sustainable.

- Tor Quarry in Somerset

- Quarrying began in 1940s and employs over 150 people

Explain how industrial development is being made more environmentally sustainable at Torr Quarry, Somerset.

- quarry is restored to create wildlife lakes for water supply and recreation

- plans in 2010 to deepen quarry and not widen it protecting the greenfield sites around the quarry

Name your example of a rural area where the population is growing.

South Cambridgeshire

Outline how the population of South Cambridgeshire is changing.

- grown from 160,000 (2018) to 200,000 by 2030

Outline the social and economic changes in the rural landscape in South Cambridgeshire (where the population is growing).

- 21% of workforce is employed in high tech industries

- more money into the local economy

- increased house prices meaning residents are priced out of housing

Name your example of a rural area where the population is declining.

Outer Hebrides

Outline how the population of the Outer Hebrides is changing.

- declined from 40,000 (1901) to 26,000 (2001)

Outline the social and economic changes in the rural landscape in The Outer Hebrides (where the population is declining).

- lack of employment in the area has meant that most of the youth is leaving the area

- less money spent on local economy and fewer people to care for ageing population

- infrastructure cannot support tourism

Outline improvements and new developments in road infrastructure in the UK.

- 2014 - £15 billion "smart" motorways investment - used to ease congestion

Outline improvements and new developments in rail infrastructure in the UK.

- HS2 aims to connect London and cities in the North and Midlands

- projected cost of over £100 billion

- first leg has been scrapped

- Crossrail (Elizabeth Line) launched in 2022

- will increase rail capacity by 10% in London

- very successful so far

Outline improvements and new developments in port capacity in the UK.

- Liverpool2 - new container terminal in Port of Liverpool

- created over 5000 jobs and cost £500 million

Outline improvements and new developments in airport capacity in the UK.

- building of third runway at Heathrow

- will boost economy by £60 billion and will create 70,000 jobs locally

- however it is not certain to go forward with a lot of pushback from environmental group

What is the north-south divide?

- economic differences between the North and the South of the England

- south enjoys higher standard of living compared to the North

State some strategies used in an attempt to resolve regional differences.

- govt levelling up strategy

- Northern Powerhouse

Outline and evaluate the government's levelling up strategy as an attempt to resolve regional differences.

- aims to close the gap between rich and poor areas in the North by 2030

- £1.5 billion loan to house builders to build homes

Outline and evaluate the creation of the Northern Powerhouse as an attempt to resolve regional differences.

- super connected, competitive northern economy

- investment in transport to improve connections between Northern cities and towns

- encourage other businesses to also invest in the North

With regards to links through trade, outline the place of the UK in the wider world.

- most important trade deal was with the EU however this has reduced due to Brexit

- US is the most significant trading partner

With regards to links through culture, outline the place of the UK in the wider world.

- television is a very successful export (Doctor Who, Love Island)

- Premier League is the most popular sports league in the world

With regards to links through transport, outline the place of the UK in the wider world.

- proposals to increase Heathrow and Gatwick airport capacity

- Liverpool2 expansion to Port of Liverpool

With regards to links through electronic communication, outline the place of the UK in the wider world.

- a lot of internet traffic travels through UK submarine cables connecting US to Europe and Asia

Outline the UK's economic and political links, with reference to the European Union (EU).

- Brexit happened on 31st January 2020

- the deal meant that tariffs were placed on trade with the countries

Outline the UK's economic and political links, with reference to the Commonwealth.

- Commonwealth is a group of 54 countries most of whom are former British Colonies

- home to 2.4 billion people

- provides important cultural and trading links