module 1- the human body

Compare and contrast anatomy and physiology, including specialties within these studies.

Anatomy is the study of the STRUCTURES of the body. Physiology is the study of the FUNCTIONS of body parts.

Identify the levels of structural organization within the human body.

Molecule, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism

Identify the nine characteristics of life.

• Separation of internal and external environments

• Movement

• Response to stimuli

• Digestion and absorption

• Metabolism

• Excretion

• Growth and Repair

• Reproduction

• Homeostasis

Discuss the role of homeostasis in healthy functioning.

Homeostasis is a constant set of internal conditions that stay the same even when external conditions change. It is maintained using negative and positive feedback loops.

Define positive and negative feedbacks and give an example of each.

Negative feedback loops: to get the body back to the original set point as quickly as possible.

• Example: hormone levels

Positive feedback loops: to create a new (temporary) set point.

• Example: Labor and Delivery

Describe the general functions of the eleven organ systems.

1. Integumentary: external body covering that makes Vitamin D and has receptors and glands

2. Muscular: enables movement, maintains posture, generates heat

3. Skeletal: protects and supports organs and provides a framework for muscle attachment

4. Nervous: responds to internal and external stimuli

5. Cardiovascular: pumps blood with oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, and waste

6. Lymphatic: collects fluid from tissues and houses white blood cells

7. Respiratory: supplies oxygen to the blood and removes carbon dioxide

8. Endocrine: secretes hormones to regulate growth, reproduction, and metabolism

9. Digestive: breaks down food into absorbable units (that enter the bloodstream) and eliminate waste

10. Urinary: regulates water, electrolytes, and acid-base balance in the blood

11. Reproductive: generates offspring

Define body cavity and identify the anterior (ventral, there are three) and posterior (dorsal, there are two) cavities.

Cavities provide protection to the organs inside of them.

• Anterior/Ventral: thoracic, abdominal, pelvic

• Posterior/Dorsal: cranial and vertebral

Identifying the subdivisions and representative organs found in each body cavity, including the four abdominopelvic quadrants.

Right upper organs:

liver, gallbladder, pancreas, right kidney

Left upper organs:

Stomach, spleen, left kidney, pancreas

Right lower organs:

appendix, cecum, right ovary/fallopian tube, part of the intestines

Left lower organs:

descending colon, sigmoid colon, left ovary/fallopian tube, part of the intestines, bladder, and uterus

Describe the human body in anatomical position using directional and regional terms.

Where are the:

cephalic

cervical

thoracic

abdominal

pelvic

pubic

upper limb

manus

lower limb

pedal

cervical

back

idk get up and point them on yourself

Identify the three planes (sections) used to visualize the human body.

Midsagittal: left and right

Frontal/coronal: anterior and posterior

Transverse: superior and inferior

Oblique: any angle other than horizontal and vertical

What are all of the closed body cavities? (there are 11, some are encompassing others)

Cranial

Vertebral

dorsal cavity

Thoracic

Abdominal

Pelvic

Superior Mediastinum

Pleural Cavity

Pericardial cavity within the mediastinum

Abdominopelvic

Ventral cavity