Topic 1.4 - 1.7

9/12

Teotihuacan 70 - 750

powerful city-state in central Mexico

built large pyramids to gods: Sun, Moon, Quetzalcoatl

human sacrifice (like olmecs): sacred duty to gods and essential for well being of society

econ/religious important drew pilgrims

collapse: violence and mismanaged resources

Teotihuacan urban pop

fam lived in cities then walked out to their fields

ag: drained swamps, constructed irrigation, Chinampas

elites controlled bureaucracy/tax/commerce: no ruler

wealthy priestly class

military to protect long distance trade

Maya 250 - 1400

Yucatan Peninsula

multiple city states, never unified into a single state

tropical climate and fragile soils

swidden ag - irrigation, drained swamps, chinampas

collapse: abandoned urban centers, destroyed cities

linked to Toltecs: long term cultural exchanges

Maya society

open plazas, pyramids: organize a large labor force

awe to centers: rel and pol rituals: linked power of kings

patrilineal society: women role in rituals, healers/shamans, garden plots, weaving

development of the Mesoamerican calendar, concept of zero, hieroglyphics, astronomy

Maya religion

Cosmos into 3 layers, sacred tree grew through all

pyramids reach heavens & portals to underworld

rulers and elite had priestly/political roles

communicated w/ supernatural - deified royal ancestors through bloodletting rituals/ hallucinogenic traces

war = religious/celebrated: fought to secure captives - commoners= slaves, nobility=sacrifices

Toltecs 900-1175

central Mexico

influenced Mesoamerica

aztec claimed ties to them

originally part of Teotihuacan

968: capital at Tula

Toltec Empire

l-d trade, to American SW

Quetzalcóatl: feathered serpent, Pre-Columbian gods

heavily militaristic: sacrifice, war

central government

collapse: N nomadic attacks, internal rivalry of rel cults

Lake Texoco

Toltecs collapse - pol power and ppl move to shores

provides fishing, farming, and transportation

Valley inhabited by mix of groups org into city-states

Aztecs win control: tribute empire

Aztecs 1325-1521

Tenochtitlan capital

3 causeways. canals & streets connected at right angles

monarchy, large gap, calpulli dictate social status

women: dom house & markets/ teachers & priestesses

Aztec Social

religious zeal: service of 100s gods, spirit/nat world

sacrifice: war captives/ritual cannibal, Huitzilopochtli: sun/Tlaloc: war & ag

agrarian community, chinampas: high yield

no use of wheel or laboring animals

merchants: markets, barter, gold/jewels/skins/cacao

tribute system: important to econ

Anasazi Peoples 700-1300

multistory residences, egalitarian social structure

worshiped: underground buildings Kivas

ag: irrigation, maize, squash

disappear 12 cen: drought, overpopulation, war

Hopewell culture

devel from Adena 100 CE

hunt/gather & ag, hereditary chiefs: priests & secular

large mounds: burial sites & platforms temples/house

abandoned around 400 CE

Mississippian culture

chiefdoms: by increased ag/bow&arrow/trade net

Cahokia center

abandoned 1250: climate changes & pop pressure

Chaco

utah native american: civilization not near water/fields

built structures with stone and clay in floodplains.

flash-floods often & spread disease within the structures

died out: disease, famine, and drought

Mesa Verde

multi-story buildings into cliff sides: protect from flood

hunted in same area: animals learned: no game

ppl closely packed together, disease spread quickly

andean civilization

Chavín: fisheries, irrig, tubers, frost to freeze dry food

Ayulla: communal land, Mit’a labor system

Moche 200-700

after Chavín, no formal empire, brick temples, stratified

irrig, canals, aqueducts, alpacas/llamas

fall: natural disaster & climate change

Mit’a

15-50, labor to gov, public construction

allyu: 1/7 of adult male population

Inca Empire 1430-1530

conquer Chimors Kingdom: cut off access to water

Quechua clans, S. Andes Mountains, origin pastoralists

Cuzco: giant puma, awe visitors & residents

provin cities, royal court, imperial army, rel cults, mi’ta

Pachacuti: agg expansion for 60 yrs, diverse diet

Inca society

Lake Titicaca: fishing, irrigation, waru waru, storehouses

ruler: of sun, cen, large bureaucracy, local rulers: hostage

Quechua unite empire: ethnic groups in tribute empire

mil: road sys, tambos, llamas used for transportation

Inca culture

Viracocha: Temple of the Sun center of state rel

local gods allowed, ancestors cult, rulers mummified

achievements: Metallurgy, quipu, arch, based on Andean

Machu Picchu: royal estate for a king after conquests

Decline: 1525 king dies: bloody civil war: Spanish arrive

Ibn Battuta

Marco Polo of islamic world: explored/mapped Africa

some parts resisted Islam, most syncretism

S. Africa little contact until later

pol structure Inland

1000: adopted ag and formed agricultural comm

Kin-based networks: single family unit, intermarriage

Hausa Kingdoms 8-10

feudal states: comm lang/cul, no cen auth, high rivalry

Trans-Saharan Trade Network: islamic merch

Fulani of Sokoto Caliphate conquered

Ghana 8-11

rulers sold gold/ivory: Muslim salt/copper/cloth/tools

capital Kumbai Saleh: centralized gov/bureaucracy

soldiers: armed with iron weapons

saddle tech: heavier load→more trade.

Mali

replaced Ghana: Sundiata Keita, great-uncle of Musa

Muslim connections: establish trade with Middle East

most powerful trade society in W, extremely wealthy

thriving gold trade: universal trade good

Zimbabwe 12-15

E: 9, decen comm, stone arch, advanced engineer, ag

Swahili City States & Indian Ocean Trade Network

constant war stronger walls depended rise & fall

Ethiopia (Aksum)

Christian missionaries: Axum rulers convert: Muslim conquest isolation: culture blended: animism

Rock Hewn Churches: 11 in giant pits: combat heat

slavery

war prisoner, debtors, criminals: more: social hierarchy

Muslim traders: Swahili City States hub

Indian Ocean Slave Trade outlawed in 1912

age grades

perform task relative to level of development

establish social ties throughout community

Zanj revolt

black slaves from Swahili, diff condition in Mesopotamia

Ali bin Muhammad org force: captured Basra: impor city

african culture

lyrics: comm with spirit world, rhythmic pattern

visual arts: rel, metallurgy busts of rulers: worship

griots/griottes: story-tellers, venerated/feared, counsel

great & small traditions

literate, complex of rel/social beliefs & practices, diverse societies, broad area

localized, nonliterate, set of customs/beliefs, 1 society

Bantu migrations

collection of lang/ppl, S iron smelting spread

forest villages: fish, ag, domesticate, pottery

Jenne-jeno

center of iron production, textile, domesticate anim, rice

extensive trade network: principle commercial crossroad

kingdom of Kongo

Congo regional states: prosperous mil/pol power

trade: copper, raffia cloth, nzimbu shells from Atlantic

Swahili society

E African city-state society, dom coast Mogadishu-Kilwa active in trade, Bantu language

Kilwa

busiests city-states, fishing, trade, ag, multistory, coins

Muslims and Arab scholars

Byzantine Empire

324 Constantine Constantinople: 476 W half collapses

Constantinople: cosmopolitan, Med & C Asian comm

Greek/Ea Orthodox: retain strength, spread to isolated

Justinian: mil gain, sys Roman legal code, Greek, plague

Byzantine social

Muslim invaders: seige, ↑ tax, ↓ emperor: ↑ arist estates

Trans-Saharan/Med/Silk Roads: coastal trading city

gov monopoly: slow down of innovation, peasant ag

plagues: cities↓: urban elite ↓: arist/landowners ↑ power

Great Schism 1054

East Greek Orthodox vs W Roman Catholicism

relationship of holy spirit to Jesus & God, iconoclasm

civilization N: missionaries & can’t convert each other

Byzantine political

rulers: roman emperors by God, caesaropapism

complex bureaucracy for all, provincial gov appointed

Alexius Commenus: family based military aristocracy

spy system created loyalty and ensured safety

troops given land, hereditary mil: too much power

Byzantine social

veiled, enuchs, comm activities, inherit, indie wealth

Empress Theodora & Irene: reforms: more rights

decline: 1071 Battle of Manzikert Seljuk Turks, Independent Slavic states indie, 1204 Crusades, 1453 Constantinople taken by Ottoman Turks

byzantine acheivments

Hagia Sophia: ↑ engin/arch, dome, minarets, mosaics

education system: reading, writing, grammar

Iconoclastic Controversy: paintings

Hellenism and Orthodox Christianity: Cyrillic Language

feudalism

decen pol system based on exchange of land for loyalty

monarch fief: vassal part: knight protection: serf quota

Three-Field system: heavy grains, legume, fallows

manorialism

manors were self-sufficient, serfs/peasants protected

tech: windmills, plows: pop growth

medieval europe

Franks: Germanic barbarian tribe, Battle of Tours

Carolingian dynasty grows in power, mil effectiveness

Charlemagne: coronation 1st Holy Roman Emperor

Treaty of Verdun: divide Holy Roman Empire grandsons

vikings

dan/norwegian/swed, raids 8-11: decent govs

settle Normandy: invade England: end Ango-Saxon dom

adapt tech & knowledge: overcome geographic barriers

feudal system: ineffective central gov in western

self-sufficient economy

new gov not care: cities shrank to villages, roman roads broke down, lived in small huts, bartered for goods

sufficient communities: instead of resources to Rome

__↓__ literacy: ↑ Germanic traditions: well balanced diet

limiting feudal government

monarch ↑: conflicts 100 Yr War: nationalism

1215 Magna Carta: supremacy law, basic rights men

1265 English Parliament: check royal authority

11-12 Three Estates: Church/Nobles/Commoner, France

Church & State

investure contest

debate whether emperor or pope chose rel leaders

papacy weaken empire: prevent imperial state

Normans

dukes of Normandy, tightly cent, owned all land

castles: disciplined armies: dom territories: En monarchy

monasticism

rel comm, chastity, obedience, poverty, Benedictine rule

preservation lit & learning: Latin texts, libraries

Gregorian Reform: separate church & state

scholasticism

st. Thomas Aquinas synthesize Christanity & Greek phil

through Aristotle: truthful/persuasive system of thought