Natal Teeth
Sometimes mandibular incisors may be present in newborns.
Neonatal Teeth
Erupts within the first 30 days of life.
Abnormal occlusion / Malposition / Malocclusion
Kapag hindi nabuo ang ngipin at nagkukulang sa spacingdue todental neglect
Physiological Space / Developmental Space
Resulting from the jaw growth manifestation at 5 years old. This is the spacing of the deciduous teeth
Coalescence
Union / Fusion
3 to 4 months / 11 months
The enamel of the crowns of all deciduous teeth begins to calcify between __ to __ months in utero and completes calcification at about __ months.
14 months
For mandibular teeth, the completion of deciduous roots takes place __ months after emergence in the oral cavity.
6 to 30 months, 2 to 3 years old
All deciduous teeth erupt from __ to __ months of post natal life (it will be completed from __ to __ years old—from initial calcification of the deciduous incisors to the completion of roots of deciduous 2nd molars).
Four mandibular incisors
Occasionally all ___ erupt before others.
2 or 2½
When the child is years of age, all of the deciduous teeth are expected to be in use.
Central > Lateral > First molar > Canine > Second molar
Usual order of appearance (deciduous)
5 years old
At __ years old, there is a jaw growth manifested by some separation of the deciduous teeth — Physiological spacing (developmental spacing).
Premature loss of deciduous teeth
Their retention
Congenital absence of teeth
Insufficient spacing
Important factors in the development of an abnormal occlusion.
Loss of arch length
Their premature loss from dental neglect is likely to cause a ___ with consequent tendency for crowding of permanent teeth.
Timing of eruption
Is a large part of heredity and sometimes environmental factors.
Lunt and Law
Lateral Incisors, canine, and first molar tend to erupt earlier in the maxilla.
29 months
Deciduous maxillary second molar eruption
20 months
Mandibular canine eruption
1st permanent molars
What is the six-year molars?
Right at birth
When does the calcification of 1st permanent molars start?
Mandibular Central Incisor (6 - 7 y.o)
What is the second tooth to erupt? And when does it erupt? (It may erupt simultaneously or even before the mandibular 1st molar)
Lingual to the deciduous roots
Where are the follicles of the developing incisors and canines located?
Permanent Dentition
Which dentition allows the eruption of teeth in females to occur earlier?
Deciduous Dentition
Which dentition allows the eruption of teeth in females to occur later?
Premolars
In permanent dentition, mandibular teeth tend to erupt earlier except ___?
Bifurcation
The developing premolars are within the ____ of deciduous molar roots.
Deciduous 2nd Molar
Which tooth dictates the type of occlusion in the teeth?
It is essential in maintaining the position of the teeth.
1st permanent molar and 1st permanent mandibular central incisors
What might simultaneously erupt together?
Lingual
The lower incisors ___ to deciduous dentition.
Exfoliate
Before the permanent central incisors erupt, the deciduous central incisor must ____ first.
Resorbed
The root of the deciduous tooth gets ____ during the transition stage.
Failure of deciduous roots to resorb may bring about prolonged retention of deciduous tooth.
First molars
Mandibular Central & Lateral incisors
Maxillary central incisors
Maxillary lateral incisors
Mandibular canines
First premolars
Second premolars
Maxillary canines
Second molars
Third molars
Tooth eruption sequence in permanent dentition
Grooves/Developmental grooves
What can be found in lobes?
4
What’s the minimum number of lobes formation?
Coalescence
It refers to the process where separate structures, such as lobes of a tooth, merge to become one.
This can occur in tooth development when the individual lobes of a tooth unite to form a single, cohesive structure.
Cusps
Lobes will become _____.
Prepare food for wallowing
Facilitate digestion
Articulate speech
Personal appearance (Esthetics)
What are the primary functions of teeth?
Facilitate prehension (combat/battle) [Canine]
Incision [Incisors]
Trituration of food [Premolars & Molars]
Form of Teeth (Which tooth has the SHAPE - Incisors = canine)
Omnivorous
Teeth, joints, and muscles of man have the form and alignment that enables masticcations of both animal and vegetables foods.
This dentition is referred as ____?
Occlusion
When teeth in the lower jaw comes in contact with those in the upper jaw in any functional relation.
Basal bones
No ngipin = no centric occlusion
It’s the maxillary and mandibular jaw that are left without the teeth.
What is now left?
Occlusion
Used to designate the anatomic alignment the of the teeth and their relationship to the rest of the masticatory system.
Centric relation
When there are teeth = centric occlusion.
If there are teeth, the maxillary and mandibular bones are related such that the condyle is in its most relaxed position within the glenoid fossa of the sphenoid bone.
Malocclusion
Used to describe deviations in relations of the teeth and/or jaws.
Interdental/interproximal space
What can be found in the interdental/interproximal papilla?
Interdental/interproximal papilla
Contacts of each tooth with its neighbors in the jaw.
It protects the gingiva between them in the interproximal/interdental spaces.
Gingival line
It follows the curvature, but not necessarily at same level with the cervical line.
Cervical line
It is a more stable anatomic demarcation whereas gingival line is variable and merely represents the gingival level on the tooth in a man’s life.
Form
“____” of a tooth is the anatomical shape of the tooth and is closely related to the function the tooth performs
It relates to masticating food without damaging the supporting tissues.
It relates to masticating food by providing desired stimulation and exercise to the periodontium and cleaning tooth surfaces.
It relates to the jaw, occlusal forces, tooth angulation, and stability in maintaining dental arches.
What are the PRIMARY FACTORS that affect the stability of teeth by affecting efficiency during function?
Cusp form (if pudpod na, di na masyado makakapagchew).
The proportional measurement of crown and root.
Root anchorage and angulation of teeth to the jaw.
What are the SECONDARY FACTORS that affect the stability of teeth by affecting efficiency during function?
Occlusal Contacts
When the teeth in mandibular arch come in contact with the maxillary arch in any functional relation.
Alignment and Contact
Anatomic alignment of the teeth and their relationship to the rest of masticatory system.
Interdental Papilla
Gum tissues that occupy the interproximal space.
The interdental space is formed by the alveolar process as the base, with the sides being the proximal surfaces of the adjacent teeth. The apex of this space is the area of contact between the two teeth.
How is the interproximal space formed?
Gum tissue between the two teeth, located in the middle of the interproximal area, is known as the ____.
It is a curvature of the gingiva.
Where can you find COL? What is COL?
Col
A valley-like depression which connects the gingival papillae situated in the interproximal space between two teeth.
4
How many embrasures in between the teeth?
Anteriors
Contact point =
Posteriors
Contact area =
Root Form
It includes both the length , shape, and angle at which the incisal and occlusal surfaces of crown of tooth are placed with respect to the root bases.
Centered, Root
The mesial view of an anterior tooth will show that the incisal ridge is ___ over the ____.
Root
_____ is wider than the width of cusp to cusp (for posteriors).
Stabilization
The flare of the roots in multirooted teeth add to their _______.
Compensating Curves
Curve of mandibular arch - concave
Curve of maxillary arch - convex
Curve of the maxilla compensates on the curve of the mandible.
Cusps and the incisal edges compensate to the location of edges and occlusal surface of occlusion teeth.
Curves of Spee
Graf von Spee
From the occlusal surfaces of the teeth, starting at the tip of the mandibular canine and extending to the buccal cusp tip of the molars.
Sagittal relationship (anteroposterior-relationship line).
Established the occlusal alignment of the teeth as projected into the median plane.
Bonwill Equilateral Triangle
1899
Dentist Bonwill
Measured from his patient/skeleton from central incisors to the condyles is 4 inches/ 10.16 cm both right and left
From center of condyle to the other center of condyle is also 4 inches/ 10.16 cm
4 inch = 10.16 cm
Curve of Wilson
U-shape
Also called the compensating curve, it is formed by the concave and convex arches.
Mediolateral Curve
This imaginary curve extends from the buccal cusps of one molar to the buccal cusps of the opposite molar.
The lower teeth serve as the basis for determining the Curve of Wilson, which highlights the prominence of the buccal cusps and ensures heavy occlusal contact on the working side.
Curve of Monson
Curve of Spee + Curve of Wilson
Anteroposterior and mediolateral positions of the curvatures.
Forms inverted cup.
Fixed point is = glabella.
Contacts the compensating curve of curve of spee and compensating curve of curve of wilson.
Based in spherical theory of occlusion or inverted cup.
A surface of a sphere of 8 inches/20.32cm in diameter considering the glabella (noo banda); shape of inverted cone on a cup.
Bunodont
Primates and relatively Isognathus.
Limited lateral jaw movement.
Tooth-bearing conical cusp.
Lophodont
Cusps in line.
Isognathus
Equally jawed.
Upper and lower jaws are same width.
EXS: Pigs
Selenodont Molars
Crescent-shape cusp.
Anisognathus
Unequal jaws.
EXS: Domestic animals, cats, dogs, human beings.
Lower dental arch is narrower in comparison to the upper.
1. Single cone (haplodont)
2. Three cusps in line (triconodont)
3. Three cusps in a triangle (tritubercular molar)
4. Four cusps in a quadrangle (quadritubercular molar)
What are the four phylogenetic clases of tooth forms?
Reptilian stage (haplodont)
Early mammalian stage (triconodont)
Triangular stage (tribercular molar)
Quadritubercular stage
What are the four stages of tooth forms?
Single cone
Haplodont
Three cusps in the line
Triconodont
Three cusps in a triangle
Tritubercular molar
Four cusps in a triangle
Quadritubercular molar
Reptilian Stage
Haplodont
Reptilian stage (Haplodont)
Represented by the simplest form of tooth, the single cone
Usually includes many teeth in both jaws that limit jaw movement
There is no occlusion of the teeth in this class
Teeth being used mainly for
1. Prehension or combat
2. Procurement of food
Early Mammalian stage (Triconodont)
Exhibits 3 cusps in the development of posterior teeth
The largest, or anthropologically the original cusp, is centered with a smaller cusp located anteriorly and another posteriorly.
Triangular Stage (Tritubercular molar)
Exhibits teeth of three-cornered
Shape (triangle), with the teeth bypassing each other more or less when the jaw opened or closed
This stage created projections that is triangular in form that occluded with an antagonist in the opposing jaw.
Triangular Stage
(Tritubercular molar)
Early Mammalian stage (Triconodont)
Triconodont
Quadritubercular stage (lower molar)
Exhibits teeth of four projections to established
Occlusion with tritubercular molars (upper molars)
Quadritubercular stage
(lower molar)
FACIAL AND LINGUAL ASPECTS OF ALL TEETH
May be represented by trapezoids of various dimensions shortest of the uneven sides is toward the tooth cervix. The longest of the uneven sides is toward the occlusal or incisal aspect.
TRIANGLE
TRAPEZOID
RHOMBOID
All aspects of each tooth crown except the incisal or occlusal aspects may be outlined schematically within three geometric figures:
The interproximal spaces accommodate interproximal tissue. Spacing between roots allows sufficient investment.
Each tooth in either dental arch occludes with two adjacent teeth in the opposing arch except the lower central incisor and the upper third molar.
The contact between the teeth in the same dental arch help protect the interproximal gingival tissue from trauma during mastication.
FUNDAMENTALS OF THE TRAPEZOID FORM
Interproximal tissue
The interproximal spaces accommodate_______. Spacing between roots allows sufficient bone investment.
Mandibular central incisor AND Maxillary third molar
Each tooth in either dental arch occludes with two adjacent teeth in the opposing arch except the ______ and the _______.
interproximal gingival tissue, mastication
The contact between the teeth in the same dental arch help protect the_______ from trauma during _______.
FUNDAMENTALS OF THE TRIANGULAR FORM
A wide base of the crown for strength. Tapered outlines (labially and lingually) to a thin ridge to facilitate the penetration of food
Triangle
Mesial of maxillary central incisor
Triangle
Distal of maxillary canine
TRIANGLE
Proximal surfaces of anterior teeth.
Trapezoid
Uneven sides. 1 mahaba, 1 maigsi