Biology Chapter 3-Enzymes

Herbivores

Plant eaters

Carnivores

meat eaters

omnivores

eat both plants and animals

filter feeders

they sift small food particles from water (whales)

Substrate feeders

live in or on their food source (caterpillars)

fluid feeder

suck nutrient-rich liquids from a living host (mosquito)

Bulk feeders

ingest large pieces of food (humans)

ingestion

act of eating

digestion

breakdown of food

absorption

absorbing of biomolecules into the body

elimination

undigested material is eliminated from the body

gastrovascular cavity

compartment with a single opening that functions as both the entrance for food and the exit for undigested waste (

alimentary canal

digestive tube extending between two openings, a mouth and an anus

pharynx

throat

esophagus

channel to stomach

Crop

pouch-like organ in which food is softened and stored

Stomachs

holds foods temporarily

gizzards

holds foods temporarily

small intestine

primary organ for chemical digestion and absorption of nutrients into the bloodstream

large intestine

twice as wide as the small intestine,

anus

where undigested waste comes out

oral cavity

mouth

peristalsis

alternating waves of contraction and relaxation

sphincters

muscle rings that regulate the passage of food in and out of the stomach

salivary gland

ducts that deliver saliva that will assist in the breaking down of food

bolus

a food ball

epiglottis

a cartilage that opens and closes the trachea

gastric juice

digestive fluid found in the stomach

duodenum

where chyme squirted from the stomach mixes with digestive juices

pancreas

produces pancreatic juice

liver

produces a chemical mixture called bile

bile

contains bile salts that act like detergents that break up fats

gallbladder

stores bile until it’s needed in the small intestine

gastrin

a hormone that stimulates addition secretion of gastric juice

chyme

acidic nutrient rich broth

villi

microvilli

hepatic portal

a large blood vessel that transports blood to the liver

cecum

a small pouch in the large intestine

appendix

contains a mass of white blood cells

colon

main portion of the large intestine

feces

poop

rectum

a portion of the colon where feces is stored

kilocalorie

1000 calories

metabolic rate

the sum of all the energy used by biochemical reactions over a given time interval

basal metabolic rate (BMR)

the number of kilocalories required for basic bodily functions

essential nutrients

nutrients necessary for basic bodily functions