Minerals

Are minerals inorganic or organic elements?

Inorganic

Mineral matter constitutes ____% of the animal's body weight.

4

What are some functions of minerals?

Osmotic balance, cell membrane function, detoxification, immunity.

How many essential minerals are there (that we discussed in lecture)?

21

(T/F) Classification of minerals is based on their importance for physiological functions?

False (amounts needed in the diet)

What are the two classifications of minerals?

Macro/ micro

Minerals that occur in the animal body and are required in large quantities:

Macrominerals

Calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, sulfur, sodium, potassium, and chloride are ____ minerals.

Macro

Manganese, zinc, iron, copper, selenium, iodine, cobalt, and chromium are ____ minerals.

Micro

What are three examples of macrominerals?

Calcium, phosphorus, sulfur

What are three examples of microminerals?

Copper, zinc, iron

(T/F) Minerals cannot be added to the diet in their elemental forms.

True

Minerals need to be added to the diet as ____ that are combined with other minerals (NaCl).

Salts

(T/F) Minerals are inorganic elements present in animal tissue that do not provide energy?

True

What is the function of calcium and phosphorus in the animal body?

Structural

Approx. 99% of the Ca and 80% of the P in the animal body occur in ___ and ___.

Bones and teeth (as hydroxyapatite)

The other 1% of Ca is distributed in cellular fluids where it is involved in what activities?

Blood coagulation, nerve impulses, cell permeability, activation of enzymes, muscle contraction, activators of iron channels.

What mineral is found in the soft tissues of the body and is important for energy metabolism?

P

____ animals lack the enzymes to release P from the bound form.

Monogastrics

Phosphorus in the diet of a monogastric animal is a _____ form.

Unbound

(T/F) Ruminants lack the enzyme to split and liberate P?

False (monogastrics)

Maintenance of a steady state of circulating blood plasma calcium.

Homeostasis

Which hormones closely control the homeostasis of Ca?

PTH, calcitonin, active forms of vitamin D.

If the calcium levels in the blood rise above a certain point, the ____ gland releases ____.

Thyroid, calcintonin

If the calcium levels in the blood rise above a certain point, the ____ gland releases ____.

Parathyroid, PTH

____ serves as the storehouse of minerals, especially Ca and P.

Bone

Imbalances of Ca and P lead to _____ deformities in animals as well as ____ quality in egg-laying hens.

Structural, eggshell

______ occurs in young animals due to normal growth in the organic matrix but insufficient mineralization.

Rickets

Rickets can also occur due to a deficiency in _____.

Vitamin C

_____ occurs in adult animals with a Ca-deficient diet causing brittle, demineralized bones.

Osteomalacia

Milk fever is also known as _____.

Eclampsia

Milk fever is due to a severe _____ deficiency when nursing.

Calcium

Milk fever can cause ____ and ____.

Tetany, convulsions

Does PTH increase or decrease Ca mobilization?

Increase

_____ fatigue is the equivalent of osteoporosis in chickens.

Cage layer

Animals deficient in P often develop abnormal chewing and eating behaviors, when is termed ____.

Pica

High _____ interferes with P digestion and absorption.

Fluoride

What is the most common situation in animals fed grain-based diets or in pets fed homemade meat-based diets?

Excess P, and low Calcium

What should the dietary Ca:P be for optimum bone health?

1:1, 2:1

______ is the third most abundant element in the body.

Mg

Mg is present in the body as phosphates and carbonates in ____, ____, and _____ cells

Bone, liver, skeletal muscle

Mg is required to activate several enzymes that split and transfer _____.

Phosphates

How does PTH affect release of Mg from bone?

Increases

What two elements inhibit Mg absorption?

Nitrogen, K

(T/F) A low-protein diet in ruminants inhibits Mg absorption?

False (high-protein diet)

What condition is due to grazing lush grass, where low Mg, high K & N interfere with absorption in the digestive tract?

Grass tetany (hypomagnesaemia)

How can you treat grass tetany/hypomagnesaemia? What are the symptoms?

Mg supplementation, unable to stand, stiff muscle convulsions, death.

What is the purpose of sulfur in the body?

A structural component of skin, hair, wool, feather, cartilage, and connective tissue.

Where is the largest portion of S found in the body?

Amino acids (methionine and cysteine)

When is it recommended to have a high-S diet in birds? Sheep?

During periods if rapid feather. Wool growth.

Sulfur is a component of which two B-vitamins?

Thiamine and biotin

What are some symptoms of sulfur deficientcys?

Reduced feather. Wool growth, reduced weight gain.

(T/F) Sulfur requirements can only be met with organic S found in S-containing amino acids?

True

(T/F) Sulfur toxicity is a large concern as intestinal absorption is high?

False (absorption is low)

What are the three important electrolytes we discussed in class?

NA, K, and Cl

Na, K and Cl help in creating a _____ balance and keeping cells ______.

Ionic, alive

What three factors do Na, K, and Cl play a vital role in?

Acid-base balance (pH maintenance in blood and tissue), cell membrane signal transduction, and osmotic pressure in intra- and extracellular fluids.

Can the electrolytes be stored in the body?

No (need to be supplemented in the diet)

Which electrolyte functions in conjunction with other ions to maintain cell permeability in the active transport of nutrients across membranes?

Sodium

Which electrolyte provides osmotic force within the cells, which maintains fluid volume; is also important for enzymatic reactions?

Potassium

Maintaining potassium balance is important for the normal functioning of the _____ muscle.

Heart

Which electrolyte counterbalances the role of positively charged K and Na; is also necessary for the formation of HCl in the stomach; is supplied with NaCl in the diet?

Chloride

Are deficiencies/toxicities of electrolytes rare or common in the diet?

rare (abundant in normal diets and toxicity is rare due to regulation of excretion by the kidneys)

Manganese is a trace mineral that is a dietary essential for animals; widespread in the body but concentrated in ____ and ____.

Bone, liver

Manganese is essential for ____ formation and health.

Bone

Manganese is an important cofactor for many enzymes that catalyze ___, ___, and ____ metabolism.

CHO, fat, protein

Absorption of Mg from the diet is very poor and (less than 10% intake) and excessive ___ or ___ inhibits absorption

Ca, P

(T/F) Mn-deficient animals have slow tendon and bone growth?

False (normal tendon growth, slow bone growth)

Excessive Mn can induce ____ deficiency (rare).

Iron

Zinc is widely distributed in the animal body; where can concentrations be found?

Liver, bones, animal coverings (hair, wool, skin, and feather).

Excessive _____ impairs zinc absorption.

Iron

Cell differentiation and replication are impaired with ____ deficiency.

Zinc

Zn deficiencies are associated with ____ or _____ related conditions.

Skin, feather (cause dermatitis, dry, scaly, and cracked skin).

What are some symptoms of parakeratosis?

5-7 mm thick with cracks and fissures (most abundant in areas about limb, joint, ears, tail).

Parakeratosis crusts are easily ____ from the skin and are ____ not flaky/scaly, no greasiness is present except in the depths of ____.

Detached, crumbly, fissures.

Iron is present in all cells of the body, but the largest portion is in the proteins molecules:

Hemoglobin, myoglobin

Hemoglobin is needed for transporting ____ from lungs to tissues.

Oxygen

Absorption of Fe is poor and is regulated according to the body's need for ____, type of ____ consumed, and ____ environment.

Mineral, food, intestinal

______ conditions in the intestine enhance iron absorption.

Acidic

Where are the chief storage sites of iron in the body?

Bone marrow, liver spleen

Most animals are efficient in conserving iron, unless it is due to ____ such as parasitic infections, injury, partuition, or surgery.

Blood loss

Iron deficiency leads to ____ and reduced ___.

Anemia, growth

Excessive ____ can cause diarrhea, reduced growth, metabolic acidosis, and death.

Iron

Copper is required for ____ formation and different ____ systems.

RBC, enzyme

After absorption, Cu is complexed with the protein _____ and mainly stored in the ____.

Albumin, liver

What can a Cu deficiency result in?

Inefficient melanin formation and lack of pigmentation (changes in coat color and loss of crimp in wool, anemia, aortic rupture, swayback.

Supplementing Cu has been shown to enhance ____ in _____ animals.

Immunity, ruminant

Cu toxicity causes ____ and excess accumulates in the ____.

Red blood cell hemolysis, liver (breakdown of Cu into blood causes rbc damage, leading to brown/red urine).

____ is a component of glutathione peroxidase and protects cell integrity with vitamin E.

Selenium

Se is added to animal diets to enhance ____ status and ____ stability; deficiency can cause ____ disease.

Antioxidant, lipid, white muscle

Cobalt is a constituent of vitamin ____ and is widely distributed in what three places?

B12. Liver, kidneys, bones

Lack of cobalt in the diet leads to:

Reduced ruminal synthesis of vitamin B12.

(T/F) Ruminants have low cobalt requirements?

False (high - due to inefficient B12 synthesis and low ability to absorb B12).

Iodine is a constituent of ____ hormones.

Thyroid

More than 80% of total body iodine can be found in the _____ gland and is stored as a glycoprotein called ____.

Thyroid, thyroglobulin

Iodine deficiency leads to reduced regulation of the ____ rate; deficiency in young animals is called ____ (dwarfism) and short term deficiency leads to ____.

Basal metabolic rate, cretinism, hypothyroidism.