APUSH

Jamestown 1607

Colony in Virginia, The first successful settlement in the Virginia colony founded in May, 1607. Harsh conditions nearly destroyed the colony. The settlement became part of the Joint Stock Virginia Company of London in 1620. Grew to be a prosperous shipping port.

First Africans brought to Virginia 1619

The Africans became indentured servants, similar in legal position to many poor Englishmen who traded several years labor in exchange for passage to America. With the success of tobacco planting, African Slavery was legalized in Virginia and Maryland, becoming the foundation of the Southern agrarian economy.

Mayflower compact 1620

The FIRST CONSTITUTION OF THE USA! This document was drafted in 1620 prior to settlement by the Pilgrims at Plymouth Bay in Massachusetts. It declared that the settlers agreed to accept majority rule and participate in a government in the best interest of all members of the colony. This agreement set the precedent for later documents outlining commonwealth rule. Pledged loyalty to the King.

Great Migration of Puritans to Massachusetts 1630s &1640s

Puritans wanted to remove all "taints" from the Church of England. Feared individualistic behavior and formed communities of support and assumed responsibility for all people around them. (holy watchers) the "Promised Land"- establish holy communities devoted to serving God. "City on a Hill."

Roger Williams established Rhode Island 1636

A preacher who clashed with the Massachusetts Puritans over separation of church and state and was banished in 1636, after which he founded the colony of Rhode Island to the south

William Penn established Pennsylvania 1681

Son of very wealthy Sir Admiral William Penn. One of wealthiest sugar planters. Rebelled against his parents. Founded Pennsylvania for the QUAKERS—tolerant of all people, religions, and ethnicity. nicknamed the Society of friends

\***Salem Witch Trials 1692

Wave of hysteria swept through Massachusetts regarding outrageous religious convictions and proposed witchcraft. 150 people arrested, 26 convicted. this changed the dynamics of wealth because the wealthy were accused of witchcraft more often than the poor (if convicted, they lose property)

James Oglethorpe established Georgia 1732

social reformer who established colony of Georgia as a place for honest debtors (the poor who were in debtor's prison)

Jonathan Edwards sparked the Great Awakening 1734

wrote "sinners in the hands of an angry god", Puritan Minister sparked the Great revival of religion

The Great Awakening 1734

Puritanical era where religion became important because people feared they were going to be punished by God. Johnathan Edwards.

The French and Indian War 1754-1763

(7 years war) French & Natives vs. English & Colonists. Ended in 1763 with victory at Quebec ended seven years' war with the British winning. The Taking of Montreal in 1760 ended french as a major power. Natives sided with french as they were the lesser of two evils and had inter-racial relations and treated them with respect.

Proclamation of 1763

reserved all land west of the racial boundry line for natives and forced the settlers who were living west of that line to move east. (Part of a peace arrangement)

Stamp Act 1765-1766

In 1765, This act required the colonists to pay for a stamp to go on documents like: deeds, mortgages, liquor licenses, playing cards, and almanacs. The colonists objected to this direct tax and in protest petitioned the king, formed a formal meeting, and boycotted English imports. In 1766, Parliament repealed the act which was a major victory for colonists. No Taxation without representation

Declaratory Act 1766

Following the repeal of the Stamp Act, the Declaratory Act stated that the British Parliament held the same power in the colonies as in Britain. Gave Parliament the authority to pass any law they pleased upon the American colonies. (punishment for the stamp act repeal)

Townshend Acts 1767

passed by Parliament, put a tax on glass, lead, paper, and tea. The acts caused protest from the colonists, who found ways around the taxes such as buying smuggled tea. Due to its little profits, the Townshend Acts were repealed in 1770, except for the tax on tea. The tax on tea was kept to keep alive the principle of Parliamentary taxation.

Boston Tea Party 1773

In response to the Tea Act, saying that the East India Trade company could trade directly with colonists which cut out the middle man (American colonists then lost their jobs/money), Colonists dressed as Indians and dumped 10,000 pounds worth of tea into Boston Harbor.

First Continental Congress 1774

55 delegates met in September 1774 to establish the DECLARATION of RIGHTS & showed the colonists' defiance towards the British

Lexington and Concord 1775

SPARK of the REVOLUTIONARY WAR. First shot fired by whom is unknown. First revolutionary battle. April 1775. British Troops marched from Lexington to Concord, MA trying to end rebellion and their leaders in MA. Americans extremely outnumbered. 237 British died & only 95 Americans died

second Continental Congress 1775

May 1775; authorizes a continental army and issues the DECLARATION of INDEPENDENCE

Treaty of Alliance 1778

was a defensive alliance between France and the USA, formed in the midst of the American Revolutionary War. Promised military support in case of attack by British forces indefinitely into the future. Delegates of King Louis XVI of France and the Second Continental Congress, who represented the United States government at this time

Battle of Yorktown 1781

LAST BATTLE of the REVOLUTIONARY WAR, British surrender (Parliament officially declares end of war in February).

Articles of Confederation went into effect 1781

First US government 1781-89;
STRENGTHS: unity for war, diplomatic corps kept relations with other countries, Northwest Ordinances;
WEAKNESSES: government couldn't regulate foreign commerce, couldn't tax, no chief executive, no court system, couldn't declare war, couldn't force state compliance with laws, all 13 states permission needed to pass laws

Peace of Paris 1783

America, Britain, France, Spain & 6 nations of Europe form a treaty. All want to weaken British power (France wants the war to continue so that British loses will be greater & want America to become dependent on France)

Northwest Ordinances 1784, 1785, and 1787

provided a system for surveying western land, provided political organization for interior region; 3 parts:
1) adopt-a-state plan
2) grid system
3) no slavery in Northwest territory

Shay's Rebellion 1786-1787

Angered by taxes & debts, Daniel Shay led a rebellion against the American Gov't. (SHOWED how Articles of Confederation were weak) the people didn't have a commercial bank and had to borrow from each other; were in large debt. Uprising led by Daniel Shays in an effort to prevent courts from foreclosing on the farms of those who could not pay the taxes, was a protest against the land being taken away and the taxes that they had worked for in Revolutionary war

constitutional convention 1787

Met in Annapolis in September 1787 to discuss interstate commerce in response to Shay's rebellion. Only 5/13 states showed up

federalist papers

James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, John Jay promoted the Ratification (federalist ideas) in NY, stand as a primary on what the writers of the Constitution had in mind when they were creating the document.

Creation of a new gov't 1789

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Alexander Hamilton appointed Secretary of the Treasury 1789

Federalist, first Secretary of Treasury, financial plan which included Report on Public Credit, Assumption Bill, National Bank - Washington usually follows his ideas vs. those of D-Rs

samuel slater established first textile mil 1790

He was a British mechanic that moved to America and in 1791 invented the first American machine for spinning cotton. He is known as "the Father of the Factory System" and he started the idea of child labor in America's factories.

\***BILL OF RIGHTS 1791

Condition of ANTI-Federalists in order to ratify; guaranteed people's rights.

Cotton Gin 1793

Eli Whitney created it; faster process, made need for slaves increase

Washington's Proclamation of Neutrality 1793

He said he was nuetral on the topic of French/Brit fight, but by not helping the French, he WAS helping England. (Alex H \= Brits & TJ \= France)

Whiskey Rebellion 1794

Pennsylvania grain farmers rebelled against an excise tax which would have greatly lowered profits on their whiskey, Washington fought back by SENDING TROOPS to dispel rebellions - set a precedent that laws under the Constitution needed to be followed

Washington's Farewell Address 1796

Set the precedent for Presidents to serve 4 years (gave us the name Mr. President) he let democracy survive.

The XYZ affair 1797-1798

3 representatives of France attempted to coerce American diplomats into paying for peace (neutrality) as they (along with Britain) had been attacking American ships, angered President Adams who followed with passing Alien & Sedition Acts

Alien and Sedition Acts 1798

Raised residence requirement for citizenship, Alien - authorized president to expel aliens if deemed dangerous, Sedition- made conspiring against government strictly punishable (meant to protect from France especially at the time).

Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions 1798-1799

prompter: alien & sedition acts
Direct challenge to Federalist laws. Kentucky (drafted by Jefferson) passed November 1798 declaring the National Gov't had violated the bill of rights, each state has the equal right to judge its own infractions (nulification)

Virginia (drafted by Madison & after KT) asserted that when Gov't threatens peoples' liberties, the states have the right to interven (nullification of states)

Election of 1800

Thomas Jefferson & Aaron Bur were in a dead lock to the house of reps & Hamilton had to persuade the house to choose Jefferson (TJ was the lesser of two evils) TJ wins & John Adams becomes VP

Midnight Judges 1801

John Adams, (right before TJ took office) knowing his party was voted out of power filled the courts with Federalist judges during the last of his term

\***Marbury versus Madison 1803

Judge Marbury sues James Madison, who refused to sign his judicial appointment by lame duck Adams, Chief Justice John Marshall declares that the Second Judiciary Act under which Marbury was appointed was UNCONSTITUTIONAL - win for Madison but overall win for Feds because allotted more federal power.

Louisiana Purchase 1803

Jefferson wanted to purchase to expand the nation peacefully; Napoleon was willing to give up because of threats of war with England, they had just lost a black rebellion in Haiti, were unable to defend the territory - $15 million for 530 million acres

Lewis and Clark expedition 1804-1806

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Trial of Aaron Burr 1807

Jefferson's vice-president for his first term; not voted into a second term because of radical ideas and ventures that threatened to break up the Union and resulted in the death of Alexander Hamiltonin duel

Jefferson's embargo 1807

Led to the war of 1812, interconnected with the non-importation act, forbade all international trade to or from America in response to the impressments of sailors.

War of 1812 (1812- 1815)

US refused to tolerate Britain's: presence in America, encouragement of Indian raids, and attacks on American commerce (& impressments of soldiers); reasons for fighting had been resolved before war was declared, Battle of New Orleans took place after treaty had been signed in Belgium, at end of war things were the same as before... Battle of New Orleans was Final Major Battle

Hartford Convention 1814

December 1814 - A convention of New England merchants who opposed the Embargo and other trade restriction, and the War of 1812. They proposed some Amendments to the Constitution and advocated the right of states to nullify federal laws. They also discussed the idea of seceding from USA if their desires were ignored. The Hartford Convention turned public sentiment against the Federalists and led to the demise of the party

Treaty of Ghent 1814

December 24, 1814 - Ended the War of 1812 and restored the status quo. For the most part territory captured in the war was returned to the original owner. It also set up a commission to determine the disputed Canada/U.S. border.

Battle of New Orleans 1815

Famous battle the occurred AFTER the War of 1812 is finished ironically. Battle that made Andrew Jackson a war hero- he was able to bring together americans and inspire them to fight the Brits.

The American System 1815

A system proposed by Henry Clay where America functioned by the southern and western states sending crops and unfinished goods to the north and east and then they would send finished goods and food to the south and west. (Its like a giant circle where everyone gets what they need from other parts of America)

\***Era of Good Feelings 1815-1824

A name for President Monroe's two terms, a period of strong nationalism, economic growth, and territorial expansion. Since the Federalist party dissolved after the War of 1812, there was only one political party and no partisan conflicts

McCulloch v. Maryland 1819

Cheif justice john marshall limits of the US constition and of the authority of the federal and state govts. one side was opposed to establishment of a national bank and challenged the authority of federal govt to establish one. supreme court ruled that power of federal govt was supreme that of the states and the states couldnt interfere

Adams-Onis Treaty 1819

agreement in which Spain gave over control of the territory of Florida to the United States

\***Missouri Compromise 1820

The issue was that Missouri wanted to join the Union as a slave state, therefore unbalancing the Union so there would be more slave states then free states. 1. The compromise set it up so that Maine joined as a free state and Missouri joined as a slave state. 2. Congress also made a line across the southern border of Missouri saying except for the state of Missouri, all states north of that line must be free states

First Lowell Factory opened 1823

Francis Cabot Lowell established a factory in 1823 at Waltham, Massachusetts. It was the first factory in the world to manufacture cotton cloth by power machinery in a building.

Monroe Doctrine 1823

President James Monroe's statement forbidding further colonization in the Americas and declaring that any attempt by a foreign country to colonize would be considered an act of hostility. (MANIFEST DESTINY- Usa had the RIGHT to develope the land)

\***Election of 1824

An election that lead to much controversy. Andrew Jackson won both the popular vote and the electoral vote, but the decision went to the House of Reps. Henry Clay gave his vote to John Quincy Adams, and Adams ended up winning. John Quincy Adams ended up selecting Henry Clay as his secretary of state (a straight shot to the presidency). Andrew Jackson accused them of striking a "CORRUPT BARGAIN!".

Indian Removal act 1830

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Maysville Road Veto 1830

proposed building a road in Kentucky (Henry Clay's state) at federal expense. Jackson vetoed it because he didn't like Clay, and Martin Van Buren pointed out that New York and Pennsylvania paid for their transportation improvements with state money. Applied strict interpretation of the Constitution by saying that the federal government could not pay for internal improvements.

Nat Turner's rebellion 1831

Uprising of slaves in Southampton County, Virginia, in the summer of 1831 led by Nat Turner which resulted in the death of 55 white people.

Nullification Crisis 1832-1833

A sectional crisis during the presidency of Andrew Jackson created by the Ordinance of Nullification, an attempt by the state of South Carolina to nullify a federal law - the tariff of 1828 - passed by the United States Congress.

Jackson destroyed Bank of the US 1833-1836

Jackson feels bank has too much power: Biddle boasts he could influence Congress, bank favors the wealthy and hurts the average person, Biddle asks to get bank charter renewed but Jackson vetoes it and removes the government funds, so the bank dies

Panic 1837???

When Jackson was president, many state banks received government money that had been withdrawn from the Bank of the U.S. These banks issued paper money and financed wild speculation, especially in federal lands. Jackson issued the Specie Circular to force the payment for federal lands with gold or silver. Many state banks collapsed as a result. A panic ensued (1837). Bank of the U.S. failed, cotton prices fell, businesses went bankrupt, and there was widespread unemployment and distress

Horace Mann began school reform in Massachusetts 1837

Secretary of the Massachusetts Board of Education, he was a prominent proponent of public school reform, and set the standard for public schools throughout the nation

Trail of Tears 1838

under Andrew Jackson, moved all Indians east of MS River to Oklahoma; AJ went against the Supreme Court's decision to allow indians to stay and forced indians to move; The Cherokee Indians traveled more than 800 miles More than 4, 00 Cherokees died during the 116-day journey.

election of 1840

Whigs were united under William Henry Harrison, the one Whig candidate who had won national support 4 years earlier. The result was a Whig victory and a truly national two-party system

term manifest destiny first used???

..........COINED BY JOHN L. O'SULLIVAN, AN AMERICAN COLUMNIST AND EDITOR, IN AN ARTICLE TITLED "ANNEXATION" IN THE DEMOCRATIC REVIEW, WHICH CALLED FOR TEXAS TO BE ADMITTED INTO THE UNION. BELIEF THAT GOD HAD GIVEN THE U.S. A MISSION TO SPREAD DEMOCRACY. JUSTIFIED EXPANSION BUT DID NOT CAUSE IT.

Annexation of Texas 1845

Texas seceded from Mexico and declared independence in response to Mexican abolition of slavery. US adopts/annexes Texas because Southern states support Texas slavery. The North feared expansion of slavery and war with Mexico

\***Mexican-American War 1846

Polk wanted to also aquire California/New Mexico region. Polk resorted to an agressive method by sending troops to disputed area. US declared war on Mex. when hostilities arose. Americans captured Mexico City. Santa Anna fled, war ended

Mormons migrated to Utah 1847-1848

What was the largest single migration in American History in 1847. Along with the founding of Salt Lake City by Young Birgham

Seneca Fall Convention 1848

the first national woman's rights convention; the site where the declaration of sentiments was written

Mexican cession 1848

(southwestern USA) under the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo following the end of the Mexican-American War. this massive land grab was significant because the question of extending slavery into newly acquired territories had become the leading national political issue.

CA Gold rush 1949

(San Francisco 49ers) Gold discovered in California attracted a rush of people all over the country to San Francisco. Many young men looking to make a name for themselves

Wilmot Proviso 1849

Dispute over whether any Mexican territory that America won during the Mexican War should be free or a slave territory. A representative named David Wilmot introduced an amendment stating that any territory acquired from Mexico would be free. This amendment passed the House twice, but failed to ever pass in Senate. The "Wilmot Proviso" became a symbol of how intense dispute over slavery was in the U.S.

Compromise of 1850

Forestalled the Civil War by:
1) instating the Fugitive Slave Act (in favor of south)
2) banning slave trade in DC (north win)
3) California as a free state (north)
4) splitting up the Texas territory and instating popular sovereignty in the Mexican Cession (south)

Uncle Tom's Cabin 1852

written by harriet beecher stowe that highly influenced england's view on the American Deep South and slavery. a novel promoting abolition. intensified sectional conflict.

Kansas-Nebraska Act 1854

This Act set up Kansas and Nebraska as states. Each state would use POPULAR SOVEREIGNTY to decide what to do about slavery. People who were proslavery and antislavery moved to Kansas, This began guerrilla warfare

Creation of the republican party 1854

The Democratic Party was divided along North-South lines -The Whig Party disintegrated, with its members either joining the Know-Nothings or the newly created Republican Party -The Republican Party's unifying principle was that slavery should be banned from all the nation's territories and not permitted to spread any further to established state

\***the dread scott case (Dred Scott versus Sandford) 1857

Supreme Court decision that stated that slaves were not citizens; that living in a free state or territory, even for many years, did not free slaves; and declared the Missouri Compromise unconstitional!

Lincoln-douglas debates 1858

During the race to become senator of IL, Lincoln & Douglas debated certain topics such as slavery, how to deal with slavery, and where slavery should be allowed. Although Lincoln lost the election to Douglas, he was known throughout the country because of the debates

John Brown Raid 1859

militant abolitionist John Brown seized the U.S. arsenal at HARPER'S FERRY. He planned to end slavery by massacring slave owners and freeing their slaves. He was captured and executed, but seen as a hero to many extremists.

Election of 1860

Lincoln, the Republican candidate, won because the Democratic party was split over slavery. As a result, the South no longer felt like it has a voice in politics and a number of states seceded from the Union

southern sucession 1860-1861

Secessionists left for a number of avowed reasons, mostly relating in some way to slavery; they were alarmed by the inexorable tipping of the political balance against them. The "crime" of the North, was the census returns; Southerners were dismayed by the triumph of the sectional Republican party, which seemed to threaten slaveholding minority—weary of free-soil criticism, abolition nagging, and northern interference. Many southerners supported secession because they felt sure that their departure would be unopposed; they were confident that the Yankee would not, could not fight. They believed that northern manufacturers and bankers, so heavily dependent on southern cotton and markets, would not dare to cut their own economic throat

fort Sumter 1861

Federal fort in the harbor of Charleston, South Carolina; Lincoln sent supplies as a way to provoke the south (secretly) to begin the war. the confederate attack on the fort marked the start of the Civil War

Homestead Act 1862

the law offered 160 acres of land free for anyone who agreed to like on and improve the land for 5 years, companies got better land

Morrill Land-Grant Act 1862

passed by Congress, this law distributed millions of acres of western lands to state governments in order to fund state agricultural colleges

Emancipation Proclamation 1863

Issued by abraham lincoln on september 22, 1862 it declared that all slaves in the confederate states (deep south) would be free. (hoped the blacks would overthrow whites and help in the war) after winning the battle of antietham- as a sign of union victory

Battles of Vicksburg and Gettysburg 1863

In july 1863 these two cities fell to Union troops turning the tide of the Civil War in favor of the Union. Gettysburg was one of the Bloodiest battle and was the farthest the South ever got (saved the capital).

Appomattox Court House 1865

famous as the site of the surrender of the Confederate Army under Robert E. Lee to Union commander Ulysses S. Grant

Abraham Lincoln assassinated 1865

The first president to be assassinated, done so by John Wilkes Booth, Andrew Johnson (Democrat) became president. (originally he was only made vp becasue he was a southerner who never left the union)

Freedmen Bureau 1865

(lincoln) The bureau's focus was to provide food, medical care, administer justice, manage abandoned and confiscated property, regulate labor, and establish schools.

13th amendment 1865

This amendment freed all slaves without compensation to the slaveowners. It legally forbade slavery in the United States.

Purchase of Alaska 1867

In December, 1866, the U.S. offered to take Alaska from Russia. Russia was eager to give it up, as the fur resources had been exhausted, and, expecting friction with Great Britain, they preferred to see defenseless Alaska in U.S. hands. Called "Seward's Folly" and "Seward's Icebox", the purchase was made in 1867 for $7,200,000 and gave the U.S. Alaska's resources of fish, timber, oil and gold

Radical Reconstruction began 1867

Provided for dividing states into military districts with military commanders to oversee voter registration that included adult African-American males for state conventions; state conventions to draft constitutions that provided for suffrage for black men; state legislatures to ratify the Fourteenth Amendment

Andrew Johnson Impeachment Trial 1868

attempted impeachment against President Johnson in 1868; power struggle between him and Congress- President removed cabinet officer w/o Senate approval and he interfered w/ congressional reconstruction; crippled his presidency

14th amendment 1868

This amendment declared that all persons born or naturalized in the United States were entitled equal rights regardless of their race, and that their rights were protected at both the state and national levels.

Transcontinental Railroad completed 1869

Completed in 1869 at Promontory, Utah, it linked the eastern railroad system with California's railroad system, revolutionizing transportation in the west

Knights of Labor created 1869

one of the most important American labor organizations of the 19th century, demanded an end to child and convict labor, equal pay for women, a progressive income tax, and the cooperative employer-employee ownership of mines and factories

Standard Oil 1870

was a predominant integrated oil producing, transporting, refining, and marketing company. operated as a major company trust and was one of the world's first and largest multinational corporations until it was dissolved by the United States Supreme Court in 1911; John D. Rockefeller

Wyoming give Women Right to Vote 1870

an act granting the women of Wyoming the right of suffrage
- in the west, women were seen as equals because they did just as much work