CSD 329 Fluency Disorders

fluency disorder

an interruption in the flow of speaking characterized by atypical rate, rhythm, and disfluencies which may also be accompanied by excessive tension, speaking avoidance, struggle behaviors, and secondary mannerisms

developmental stuttering, neurogenic stuttering, psychogenic stuttering, and cluttering

what are the different types of fluency disorders

psychological, emotional, social, and functional

people with fluency disorders also frequently experience __________, __________, ________, and __________ impacts as a result of their communication disorder

developmental stuttering

we don't know much about neurogenic stuttering, psychogenic stuttering, and cluttering. stuttering not a heavily researched area. what type of stuttering do we know the most about?

rate

appropriate speech timing

continuity

smooth connections

tension/effort

appropriate force

rate, continuity, and tension/effort

what three dimensions are going to be affected in a fluency disorder

voice

inappropriate tension/effort will raise the pitch until the point there will be no ________

disfluency

observable interruptions in on-going speech

all, not

disfluency refers to ____ speech interruptions. occurs in everyone's speech, PWS (people who stutter) and those who do ____ stutter

part-word repetitions, prolonged sounds, interjections, and revisions

what are some types of disfluent speech?

speech events, disorder

two meanings of "stuttering": overt, momentary disrupted ________ _______, such as repetitions (disordered speech phenomena). a complex ___________ including speech, physiological, emotional, and cognitive factors, lasting over time (not just speech, everything).

affective (emotional), behavioral (speech and physical), and cognitive (thoughts and beliefs)

abcs of stuttering. this model breaks down into three interconnected components:

abcs of stuttering

a framework used in stuttering therapy to address the multi-dimensional nature of stuttering

address

understanding these components helps clinicians and clients comprehensively _________ stuttering, considering not only the speech disruptions but also the underlying emotions and thoughts that contribute to the overall experience of stuttering.

overt speech characteristics, physical concomitants, physiological activity, social dynamics

Behavioral aspects of stuttering

cognitive processes, social dynamics

Cognitive aspects of stuttering

affective features, social dynamics

Affective aspects of stuttering

icf model

what does the six multidimensional aspects of stuttering and abc's align with?

speech dysfluency and related physical behaviors (squeezing hands and eyes, moving hands and feet)

what can we not hear and see related to stuttering? top of iceberg

emotional factors: surprise, anger, sadness, guilt, shame, self-worth, confidence, acceptance, courage, frustration, worry, despair, and concern

what can we not hear and see related to stuttering? bottom of iceberg

core stuttering behaviors (also referred to as stuttering like disfluency, SLD)

these are the primary speech disruptions that define stuttering

repetitions, prolongations, and blocks

what are some examples of core stuttering behaviors

repetition

repeating sounds, syllables, or words

prolongation

stretching out a sound

block

complete stoppages of speech, where the person is unable to produce a sound

secondary stuttering behaviors

these are learned behaviors that develop in response to stuttering

physical tension, avoidance behaviors, escape behaviors

what are some examples of secondary stuttering behaviors

physical tension

tensing muscles in the face, neck, or body during speech

avoidance behaviors

avoiding certain words, sounds, or speaking situations to prevent stuttering

escape behaviors

actions like blinking, head nodding, or using filler words to escape or minimize stuttering moments

strategy

a ________ can turn into a secondary stuttering behavior

cognitive

there is a __________ component to core and secondary stuttering behaviors.

SLD are much more typical and much more frequent in the speech of PWS and listeners show a strong inclination to perceive these disfluencies as "stuttering"

what are the two reasons for stuttering like disfluencies?

stuttering like disfluencies

people who stutter will have more stuttering like disfluencies (SLD) or typical disfluencies (TD)?

moments (not all the time. if they tap their foot all the time, it is not a secondary behavior)

secondary behaviors occur only during _________ of stuttering

miss

if we have a small definition, we are going to _____ a lot of things.

not

definition is ____ a diagnosis

essential

instead of strictly speaking, realistically we strive for an expression of the __________ rather than the exact nature or meaning. this helps us to distinguish it from other similar or related concepts

differential diagnosis

identify what you suspect by ruling everything else out

study this and make a better one for extra credit (turn in a paper copy 11/5/24)

fear, dread, anxiety, panic

emotions that happen prior to stuttering

blankness, being trapped, panic, frustration

emotions that happen during stuttering

shame, humiliation, anger, resentment

emotions that happen after stuttering

prior, during, and after stuttering

the a and c in the abc of stuttering happens when?

distorted

three utterances before and after stuttering, the speech signal was ________

ameliorating and inducing

conditions that affect b in the abc's of stuttering

time pressure, meaningfulness of the message (what is your name?), language complexity, authority (police), gender/attraction of communication partners, size of the audience/communication partners, specific physical environments, and communicative pressures

inducing conditions:

manner (singing, in rhythm, in a monotone, imitating a dialect, whispering, speaking slowly) and context (to an animal, to an infant, in unison, with DAF aka delayed auditory feedback, with masking noise, and with response contingent stimuli)

ameliorating conditions:

inducing

what is a condition that increases stuttering?

ameliorating

what is a condition that decreases stuttering?