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Emancipation Proclamation
Issued by President Abraham Lincoln during the Civil War. Declared the freedom of all enslaved people in Confederate-held territory.
Reconstruction
The period after the Civil War in which the U.S. government aimed to rebuild the South and promote civil rights.
13th Amendment
Constitutional amendment that made slavery illegal except as a punishment for a crime
14th Amendment
Amendment to the U.S. Constitution that granted citizenship and equal protection under the law to all people born or naturalized in the United States.
Run for political office & serve on a jury
Because of the 15th Amendment, Black men could run for office and serve on juries.
Importance of bison/buffalo to indigenous people of the Great Plains
The bison are central to the people of the Great Plains way of life, including diet, clothing, materials, and religion.
Abraham Lincoln
The president of the US during the Civil War who signed the Emancipation Proclamation
Lincoln Plan for Reconstruction
Also known as the Ten Percent Plan, Lincoln's plan for Reconstruction of the South after the Civil War, mostly focused on forgiveness & getting the country to reunite
13th Amendment loophole
The "except as the punishment for a crime" part of the 13th Amendment allowed the South to come up with creative ways to criminalize behavior, resulting in arrest & the possibility for re-enslavement.
Equal protection
The idea (created by the 14th Amendment) that all American citizens are entitled to be treated equally by US laws.
Disenfranchisement
Taking away the right to vote
Battle of Little Bighorn
A victory by the Lakota Sioux during the Indian Wars of the 1870s.
Border states
States where slavery was legal, but they still fought on the Union/Northern side of the Civil War.
Johnson Plan for Reconstruction
Johnson's plan was very forgiving towards the South, including giving land back to former Confederates
Sharecropping
An agricultural system in which workers could work on a landowner's property in exchange for a share of the crops. However, the system kept the worker indebted to the landowner, resulting in conditions similar to slavery
Due process
The legal principle that individuals have the right to fair and equal treatment under the law
Poll tax
used as a means of disenfranchisement, requiring a fee to vote
Reservation system
Introduced in the 1850s, a policy that granted land for an entire community of indigenous people to live on & use
Special Field Order 15 ("40 Acres & a Mule")
advocated for giving land for the formerly enslaved
Radical Republican Plan for Reconstruction
Viewed as the most harsh towards Southern whites, advocated for giving rights/voting power to formerly enslaved people
Convict leasing
involved prisoners being leased to private companies for forced labor
Ku Klux Klan
a white supremacist terrorist organization that emerged after the Civil War, was disbanded by President Grant but the hate remained
Literacy test
were used as a means of disenfranchisement, testing a person's ability to read and write; the tests were often designed to be pretty much impossible
Lincoln assassination
Complicated the Reconstruction process, because Lincoln was already working on plans for Reconstruction before he died
What the 3 Reconstruction plans had in common
End slavery via constitutional amendment
Freedmen's Bureau
An organization focused on helping formerly enslaved people adjust to freedom through supports like education, legal aid, & medical care
White supremacy
the belief that white, Anglo-Saxon, Protestant people are somehow superior to all groups of people
Grandfather Clause
allowed individuals to vote if their ancestors had been eligible to vote before the Civil War, this kept Black men from voting
Andrew Johnson
President after Abraham Lincoln's assassination and faced conflict with Congress during Reconstruction
Constitutional amendment
an addition/change to the Constitution
Black Codes
new laws the South passed in order to limit the rights of Black people during Reconstruction
15th Amendment
voting cannot be restricted based on race
Indian Wars
A series of conflicts that took place in the Dakota Territory between the US Army & the indigenous peoples of the area. These conflicts took place in the 1860s and 1870s.
Gilded
A thin layer of gold covering something cheap/unattractive
Capitalism
An economic system where the market regulates itself based on supply & demand
Victories of the Labor Movement
8th hour workday, higher pay, end of child labor, workplace safety regulations
Jim Crow Laws
laws that officially separated/segregated people by race, beginning in the Gilded Age
Indigenous boarding schools
Schools established to assimilate Native American children into white culture, often associated with the motto "Kill the Indian, save the man."
Gilded Age
The period from 1877 to about 1909, characterized by industrialization
Priorities/goals of capitalist economy
making more money & growth
Limits of the Labor Movement
racism & sexism divided workers, law enforcement was used against the movement, & calling union activists "radicals" destroyed their credibility
Segregation
separating people based on characteristics, usually race
"Kill the Indian, save the man"
Phrase created by Captain Pratt, advocated for destroying indigenous culture & assimilating indigenous people into white culture
Monopoly
A company that has total/almost total control over the market for a particular commodity (ex: Standard Oil owned 90% of the market of oil during the Gilded Age)
Labor Movement
A movement of workers advocating for better pay, conditions, & treatment. Started in response to industrialization during the Gilded Age.
Racism in the Labor Movement
Bosses exploited racial tension to divide unions, unions were usually segregated
Plessy v. Ferguson
The case that established the doctrine of "separate but equal," making segregation & Jim Crow legal under federal law
assimilation
the process of incorporating people into the dominant culture at the expense of their own culture
Problems with monopolies
no incentive to innovate or treat employees well, owners can set whatever price they want because they're the only option buyers have
Sexism in the Labor Movement
unions excluded women because they felt that women being willing to work for lower wages then men hurt men's chances to ask for higher wages
"Separate but equal"
The doctrine created by the Plessy v. Ferguson case which stated facilities could legally be separate as long as they were equal
Ghost Dance
A spiritual practice developed by the indigenous people of the Great Plains to peacefully protest land theft, was seen as very threatening by white authorities
Industrialization
the process of creating an industrial economy
Strike
an organized labor stoppage in order to hurt profits & make a point to bosses
Radicalism
political views that are seen as extreme & outside the norm
Ida B. Wells
A Black woman who exposed the horrors of lynching to her readers
Dawes Act
this new law divided indigenous reservations into allotments, promising citizenship rights to anyone who agreed to the plan. This made tribal ownership of reservations basically impossible, making land theft easier for the US government.
Innovation
the process of developing new ideas to improve something
Boycott
To not buy something as a form of protest
Strikebreaker/scab
people who work during a strike, undermines the strength of the strike
Lynching
To execute a person without a fair trial, typically related to race, often by hanging
Wounded Knee massacre
the 1890 murder of hundreds of Lakota people by the US Army
US public response to Wounded Knee
the soldiers involved were awarded medals for bravery, was generally seen as a good thing