Digestion A&P2 Lab

What is the primary physical breakdown of food into smaller pieces called?

Mechanical digestion.

Which process involves breaking chemical bonds in food molecules using enzymes?

Chemical digestion.

In which specific organ does the majority of nutrient and water absorption into blood and lymph vessels occur?

Small intestine.

Which digestive function involves the movement of food through the GI tract via swallowing and peristalsis?

Propulsion.

Name the four types of teeth found in the human oral cavity.

Incisors, cuspids (canines), premolars, and molars.

Which specific teeth are primarily used for cutting food?

Incisors.

Which teeth are designed for tearing food?

Cuspids (canines).

What is the primary mechanical action of molars and premolars?

Grinding food.

Name the three pairs of major salivary glands.

Parotid, submandibular, and sublingual glands.

Identify the three regions of the pharynx in order from superior to inferior.

Nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx.

What structure serves as the opening in the diaphragm for the esophagus to pass through?

Esophageal hiatus.

Which sphincter prevents the backflow of stomach acid into the esophagus?

Lower esophageal sphincter.

What are the large longitudinal folds in the stomach mucosa that allow for expansion called?

Rugae.

Which sphincter regulates the passage of chyme from the stomach into the duodenum?

Pyloric sphincter.

List the three segments of the small intestine in the order food travels through them.

Duodenum, jejunum, and ileum.

Which structure marks the junction between the small intestine and the large intestine?

Ileocecal sphincter (or valve).

Identify the four main parts of the colon in the order of fecal transit.

Ascending, transverse, descending, and sigmoid colon.

Which sphincter of the anus is composed of smooth muscle and is under involuntary control?

Internal anal sphincter.

Name the four lobes of the human liver.

Right, left, caudate, and quadrate lobes.

Which duct carries bile directly out of the gallbladder?

Cystic duct.

The union of the common hepatic duct and the cystic duct forms the _____.

Common bile duct.

Identify the three main regions of the pancreas.

Head, body, and tail.

Which pancreatic cells are responsible for secreting digestive enzymes (exocrine function)?

Acinar cells.

What are the endocrine clusters in the pancreas that secrete insulin and glucagon called?

Pancreatic islets (Islets of Langerhans).

List the four main layers of the GI tract wall from the lumen outward.

Mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, and serosa (or adventitia).

Which layer of the GI tract wall is responsible for peristalsis and segmentation?

Muscularis externa.

What double layer of peritoneum attaches the intestines to the posterior abdominal wall?

Mesentery.

Identify the large, fatty peritoneal fold that hangs like an apron over the abdominal viscera.

Greater omentum.

Which peritoneal fold connects the lesser curvature of the stomach to the liver?

Lesser omentum.

What type of epithelium lines the mucosa of the esophagus?

Stratified squamous epithelium.

What type of epithelium lines the mucosa of the stomach and intestines?

Simple columnar epithelium.

Which microscopic structures in the stomach mucosa lead into gastric glands?

Gastric pits.

Name the finger-like projections of the small intestine mucosa that increase surface area for absorption.

Villi.

What are the microscopic brush-border projections on the apical surface of individual intestinal absorptive cells?

Microvilli.

Which specialized cells in the intestinal mucosa secrete mucus?

Goblet cells.

In the liver, blood flows through leaky capillaries called _____ to reach the central vein.

Sinusoids.

What are the functional individual cells of the liver called?

Hepatocytes.

Identify the hardest substance in the body, which covers the crown of a tooth.

Enamel.

What is the bone-like material that makes up the bulk of a tooth under the enamel?

Dentin.

Which part of the tooth contains blood vessels and nerves?

Pulp (in the pulp cavity).

What is the substrate for the enzyme amylase?

Starch.

What are the products of starch digestion by amylase?

Simple sugars and disaccharides (e.g., maltose).

Which enzyme breaks down triglycerides into glycerol and fatty acids?

Lipase.

What is the primary substrate for proteases like pepsin or trypsin?

Proteins and peptides.

What products are generated when peptidases act on peptides?

Amino acids and dipeptides.

What is the physical action of bile salts on large lipid droplets called?

Emulsification.

Why is $pH$ critical for digestive enzyme function?

Enzymes have an optimal $pH$ range and can denature if conditions are too acidic or basic.

In a fetal pig, which vessel carries oxygenated blood from the placenta to the fetus?

Umbilical vein.

Which fetal structure allows blood to bypass the liver and go directly to the inferior vena cava?

Ductus venosus.

Identify the fetal vessel that connects the pulmonary artery to the aorta to bypass the lungs.

Ductus arteriosus.

How many lobes are typically found in the right lung of a fetal pig?

Four (apical, cardiac, diaphragmatic, and intermediate).

How many lobes are typically found in the left lung of a fetal pig?

Three (apical, cardiac, and diaphragmatic).

What is the outer embryonic covering often seen on fetal pigs called?

Periderm.

In the fetal pig, the large intestine is uniquely coiled into a structure called the _____.

Spiral colon.

Which fetal pig artery branches off the aorta to supply the forelimbs and head?

Brachiocephalic artery.

Which vessels in the fetal pig carry deoxygenated blood away from the fetus to the placenta?

Umbilical arteries.

What is the space between the teeth and the cheeks/lips called?

Vestibule.

The fold of tissue that anchors the tongue to the floor of the mouth is the _____.

Lingual frenulum.

Identify the most common type of papillae on the tongue, which provides friction but lacks taste buds.

Filiform papillae.

Which large, circular papillae are arranged in a V-shape at the back of the tongue and contain taste buds?

Circumvallate papillae.

In the stomach, the region where the esophagus enters is called the _____.

Cardia.

What is the dome-shaped superior portion of the stomach called?

Fundus.

Name the two types of digestion occurring in the mouth.

Mechanical (chewing) and chemical (salivary amylase).

What is the primary function of the large intestine regarding water?

Absorption of water and formation of feces.

The _____ secretes $HCl$ and pepsinogen to begin protein digestion.

Stomach

What is the name of the 'portal' vein that carries nutrient-rich blood from the GI tract to the liver?

Hepatic portal vein.

Which structure in the oral cavity prevents food from entering the nasopharynx during swallowing?

Uvula (and soft palate).

The _____ is a cartilaginous flap that prevents food from entering the trachea.

Epiglottis

What is the term for the rhythmic contractions of smooth muscle that move a bolus through the esophagus?

Peristalsis.

In the liver histology, three vessels found at the corners of a liver lobule are collectively called a _____.

Portal triad.

Which digestive organ is responsible for producing bile?

Liver.

Which organ stores and concentrates bile?

Gallbladder.

What is the name of the microscopic lymphatic capillary found in the center of an intestinal villus?

Lacteal.

Which layer of the GI tract contains blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves within a thick layer of connective tissue?

Submucosa.

Segmentation is a type of mechanical digestion that occurs primarily in the _____.

Small intestine