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growth
an irreversible increase in volume or dry weight (biomass) of living cells
can be measured as increase in fresh or dry weight or in volume, length, height, or surface area
plant development
progress through the plant life cycle
seed germination, growth of vegetative organs and tissues
initiation and maturation of reproductive organs and tissue
fertilization, seed development and maturation
senescence and death
photosynthetic active radiation
(PAR)
400 to 700 nm
heliotropic
movements are used by some plants
leaf angles are adjusted throughout the day
maintain 90 degree angle if incidence to increase light
photomorphogenesis
highly integrated plant growth and developmental processes in response to light
de-etiolation
greening of young plants
stem growth
typically, presence or absence of light
may have more specific light spectral composition requirements and changes in leaf structure.
most photomorphogenic responses regulated by
phytochrome
phytochrome
pigment that has 2 interconvertible forms
red light absorbing
far-red light absorbing
cryptochromes
pigments involved in photomorphogenic responses and circadian rhythm
phototropin
a blue light receptor is responsible for phototropism
photoperiodism
the photomorphogenic response to variations in day length
all photoperiodically controlled processes can be categorized into 3 basics types
photoperiod plants
long day
short day
day neutral
critical day length (CDL)
flowering (other processes) induced only at day lengths longer/shorter than specific day length
stratification
some seeds require time during which the seeds are imbibed at low temps before germination is possible
chilling requirement
the duration required to break dormancy
vernalization
cold induction of flowering
determinate growth
after vegetative growth, flower bud clusters form at shoot terminals so mot shoot elongation stops
indeterminate
plants bear flower clusters laterally along the stem in the axils of the leaves
annuals
complete life cycle in one growing season
biennials
complete life cycle requires 2 growing seasons
perennials
remain alive indefinitely
annuals life cycle
germination
vegetative growth
reproductive growth
flower
fruit
seed
death (senescence)
biennials life cycle
limited stem growth 1st season
dormant
reproductive growth 2nd season
perennials life cycle
herbaceous types: shoots may die in winter, new shoots emerge in spring
woody types: root and shoot systems remain alive
shoots may go dormant in winter
juvenility
vegetative only
maturation
reproduction possible
phases of development
juvenility
maturation
senescence
death
circadian rhythms
biological rhythms that complete one cycle in approximately 24 hours
anthesis
flower opening
self pollination
same flower
same plant, different flower
different flowers, same clone
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