History Semester 2 Exam

Pink Power Movement

The women's movement. Inspired by civil rights movements. Wanted to change traditional ideas about women's roles—including idea that women were happiest as wives, mothers, and homemakers. The women's rights movement had many different names: the women's liberation movement, the feminist movement, and the equal rights movement. Core belief was feminism—the conviction that women and men should be socially, politically, and economically equal. Feminists cheered the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, which banned discrimination in employment.

The national organization for women(NOW)

Fought gender discrimination in the workplace, schools, and the justice system. Lobbied government, filed lawsuits, staged rallies and marches. Betty Friedan and Pauli Murray were co-founders.

The feminine Mystique

Betty Friedan's ground-breaking work The Feminine Mystique was published in 1963. Friedan and her classmates all indicated a general dissatisfaction with their lives. This led Friedan to conduct more detailed research into "the problem that has no name"— "Mystique" was the worthlessness women feel in roles that require them to be financially, intellectually, and emotionally dependent upon their husbands.

The equal rights amendment

The Equal Rights Amendment was written in 1921 by suffragist Alice Paul. It has been introduced in Congress every session since 1923. It promised equal treatment for men and women in all spheres. Phyllis Schlafly and other conservatives campaigned to defeat the ERA. The ERA was ratified by 35 states instead of the required 38 states.

Title IX

Title IX of the Education Amendment of 1972, now known as the Patsy T. Mink Equal Opportunity in Education Act in honor of its principal author, more commonly known as Title IX, is a law enacted on June 23, 1972 that states: "No person in the United States shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any education program or activity receiving Federal financial assistance."
Although the most prominent "public face" of Title IX is its impact on high school and collegiate athletics, the original statute made no reference to athletics.

Griswold v. Connecticut (1964)

Griswold was the Executive Director of the Planned Parenthood League of Connecticut.Both she and the Medical Director for the League gave information, instruction, and other medical advice to married couples concerning birth control.Griswold and her colleague were convicted under a Connecticut law which criminalized the provision of counseling, and other medical treatment, to married persons for purposes of preventing conception.
Constitutional Question:
Does the Constitution protect the right of marital privacy against state restrictions on a couple's ability to be counseled in the use of contraceptives?
Conclusion:
Though the Constitution does not explicitly protect a general right to privacy, the various guarantees within the Bill of Rights create penumbras, or zones, that establish a right to privacy.

Roe v. Wade (1973)

Supreme Court case that struck down state laws that banned abortion.Argued that such laws violated a constitutional right to privacy.
Sparked a debate that continues to this day.
Roe, a Texas resident, sought to terminate her pregnancy by abortion. Texas law prohibited abortions except to save the pregnant woman's life.
Constitutional Question:
Does the Constitution embrace a woman's right to terminate her pregnancy by abortion?
Conclusion:
The Court held that a woman's right to an abortion fell within the right to privacy (recognized in Griswold v. Connecticut) protected by the Fourteenth Amendment.
The decision gave a woman total autonomy over the pregnancy during the first trimester and defined different levels of state interest for the second and third trimesters.
As a result, the laws of 46 states were affected by the Court's ruling.

Roe v. Wade Mobilizes Conservatives

The issue of legalized abortion helped galvanize the rise of the Christian Right in the 1970s and 1980s. In the wake of the sexual revolution and the women's liberation movement, many conservatives sought to restore "traditional family values". Roe v. Wade catalyzed the formation of a number of enduring political organizations.

Effects of the Women's Movement

The number of women holding professional jobs increased. More women moved into senior positions in the government. More female politicians were elected to Congress. the feminist movement slowed its pace in the late 1970s. There was a perception that it only benefited wealthy white women.

Red Power

The Native American Movement.

living conditions of Native Americans in the Early 1960s

Did not share in the prosperity of the 1950s. Highest unemployment rates in the nation. Average income was less than half that of white American men. Suffered disproportionately from poor health.

Termination Policy

Plan to draw Native Americans out of the isolated reservations and into mainstream society. Method used was to stop federal services to reservations and relocate Native Americans to cities. Policy was a disaster.
A Movement
In 1961 a group of 700 Native Americans held a conference to oppose the termination policy.
Drafted the Declaration of Indian Purpose.
Marked the beginning of the Red Power movement.

The American Indian Movement(AIM)

The American Indian Movement (AIM) was founded in Minnesota in 1968. Became the major force behind the Red Power movement. Called for a renewal of traditional cultures, economic independence, and better education for Indian children. Russell Means—one of AIM's best known leaders.

The Siege of Wounded Knee

On February 27, 1973, a group of Indians, led by the American IndianMovement (AIM), congregated at the site of the Wounded Knee Massacre. Became a siege of the town, which drew in 2,000 Indians and lasted for 70 days. They were surrounded by 300 federal marshals and FBI agents, equipped with guns and armored vehicles. The siege ended when the two sides began firing on each other and two Indians, Frank Clearwater and Buddy Lamont, were shot and killed. Called attention to the Native American civil rights movement.

Brown Power

Chicanos, Cesar Chavez, & the United Farm Workers

Latinos in the Early 1960s

More than 900,000 Latinos lived in the United States in 1960. A Latino is any person of Latin American descent. One-third of Mexican American families lived below the poverty line and twice as many Mexican Americans as white Americans were unemployed. Latinos faced discrimination in education. In politics Latinos had far less power than the size of their population warranted. Electoral district boundaries kept Latino votes scattered. The number of Latinos in political office was very small. Latinos were often excluded from serving on juries.

Delano Grape Strike

Migrant agricultural workers, many of whom were Latino, received low wages for backbreaking labor. In 1965 Filipino farm workers went on strike in Delano, California. The National Farm Workers Association soon joined them. (Mexican workers). Some 5,000 grape workers walked off their jobs.
The Delano Grape Strike lasted for five years. Strikers picketed the fields. Union activists and sympathetic volunteers stood in front of grocery stores nationwide, urging Americans not to buy grapes. The growers finally gave in and settled with the union. The success of the strike made César Chávez a national figure.

César Chávez

Co-founded the National Farm Workers Association—a union of Mexican American farm workers.
His leadership inspired many Mexican Americans to fight discrimination in their lives.

Rainbow Power Movement

The gay liberation movement. Stonewall, 1970 (NYC). Protests against police brutality, gay bashing, violence, and discrimination. Human Rights. Murder of Harvey Milk. Started in 1969 after a police raid at the Stonewall Inn led to riots in New York City. Gays were not typically welcomed in many establishments with the exception of bars. The Stonewall Inn was a gay bar and recreational tavern in the Greenwich Village neighborhood of Lower Manhattan, New York City. The Stonewall riots of 1969, are considered to be the single most important event leading to the gay liberation movement.

The Gay Liberation Front (GLF)

Was formed to bring an end to discrimination against homosexuals. The GLF emphasized "gay pride" & encouraged people to "come out of the closet"

Harvey Milk

Milk was an American politician and the first openly gay man to be elected to public office in California, as a member of the San Francisco Board of Supervisors. Despite his short career in politics, Milk became an icon in San Francisco and "a martyr for gay rights." He was assassinated.

Gay Pride

Gay Pride is the concept that lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) people should be proud of their sexual orientation and gender identity.

To what extent did the black power movement influence other power movements? Were those other movements successful and by how much?

The Black Power movement emerged in the 1960s as a response to the limitations of the Civil Rights movement, which focused primarily on ending legal segregation and securing voting rights for Black Americans. The Black Power movement emphasized self-determination, racial pride, and political and economic empowerment for Black Americans. This movement sought to redefine the meaning of being black in America and promoted Black cultural identity and heritage.
The Civil Rights movement and the Black Power movement inspired the formation of the Red Power movement, which advocated for the rights and sovereignty of Indigenous peoples in North America. Like the Black Power movement, the Red Power movement focused on reclaiming cultural heritage and promoting self-determination, as well as addressing systemic issues like poverty and inadequate access to education and healthcare.
The Pink Power movement is associated with the women's movement and the struggle for gender equality. It arose in the 1960s and 1970s in response to the discrimination and inequality that women faced in various aspects of society, such as in the workplace, education, and politics. The movement sought to challenge gender roles and stereotypes, and to promote women's rights and empowerment. Some of the key demands of the Pink Power movement included equal pay, reproductive rights, and an end to gender-based violence and harassment.
The Rainbow power movement Similarly, drew inspiration from the Civil Rights movement and the feminist movement, seeking to promote LGBTQ+ rights and challenge social norms around gender and sexuality. The movement advocated for legal protections against discrimination, as well as increased representation and visibility of LGBTQ+ individuals in media and politics
Overall, the Civil Rights movement and the Black Power movement served as powerful models for subsequent social justice movements, inspiring activists to fight for their rights and challenge systemic oppression through a variety of strategies and tactics.

U.S. Military Involvement Begins in Vietnam

Repressive dictatorial rule by Diem. Diem's family holds all power and wealth. Buddhist majority persecuted. The U.S. aided Diem's government. Ike sent financial and military aid. Kennedy elected 1960. 1963: JFK supports a Vietnamese military coup - Diem and his brother are murdered (Nov. 2). Kennedy was assassinated just weeks later (Nov. 22)

Early Protests of Diem's Government

Self-Immolation by a Buddhist Monk

Domino Theory

A theory that if one nation comes under Communist control, then neighboring nations will also come under Communist control.

Tonkin Gulf Incident

1964(Attacks against U.S. naval vessels; according to Johnson, the attacks were unprovoked). Tonkin Gulf Resolution-"The Blank Check" *-President take all necessary measures to repel any armed attacks against U.S. and to prevent further aggression.

The Ground War 1965-1968

No territorial goals. Body counts on TV every night (first "living room" war). Viet Cong (Communist army in S. Vietnam that fought U.S. and S. Vietnam army) sent supplies over the Ho Chi Minh Trail

Vietcong

Farmers by day; guerillas at night.. Very patient people willing to accept many casualties. The US grossly underestimated their resolve and their resourcefulness.

American Morale Begins to Dip

Disproportionate representation of poor people and minorities. Severe racial problems. Major drug problems. Officers in combat for 12 months

Nixon on Vietnam

Nixon's 1968 Campaign promised an end to the war: Peace with Honor
Appealed to the great "Silent Majority

Vietnamization

President Richard Nixons strategy for ending U.S involvement in the vietnam war, involving a gradual withdrawl of American troops and replacement of them with South Vietnamese forces. Strengthen S. Vietnam forces and Americans and gradually withdraw.

"Pentagon Papers," 1971

Former defense analyst Daniel Ellsberg leaked govt. docs. regarding war efforts during Johnson's administration to the New York Times.
Docs. Govt. misled Congress & American people
Primary reason for fighting not to eliminate communism, but to avoid humiliating defeat.
New York Times v. United States (1971) *
Obtained Pentagon papers detailing government deception; 6-3 Court ruled for Times; Could not
stifle press by order of the government

The Ceasefire, 1973

Conditions
1. U.S. to remove all troops
2. North Vietnam could leave troops already in
South Vietnam
3. North Vietnam would resume war
4. No provision for POWs or MIAs
Last American troops left South Vietnam on March 29, 1973
1975: North Vietnam defeats South Vietnam
Saigon renamed Ho Chi Minh City

Costs of the Vietnam War

1. 3,000,000 Vietnamese killed
2. 58,000 Americans killed; 300,000 wounded
3. Under-funding of Great Society programs
4. $150,000,000,000 in U.S. spending
5. U.S. morale, self-confidence, trust of government, decimated

Impacts of the Vietnam War

1. 26th Amendment: 18-year-olds vote
2. Nixon abolished the draft all-volunteer army
3. War Powers Act, 1973 ٭
4. President must notify Congress within 48 hours of deploying military force
5. President must withdraw forces unless he gains Congressional approval within 90 days
6. Disregard for Veterans seen as "baby killers"
7. POW/MIA issue lingered

Kennedy's Election

John F. Kennedy - from a wealthy, politically powerful family. Good looking, young, and comfortable in front of the television cameras. People felt Kennedy represented the future. Adopted the term "New Frontier". Played on the nation's Cold War fears. Claimed the nation's prosperity was not reaching the poor. Rallied the African American vote when Robert F. Kennedy persuaded the judge to release King. One of the closest elections in history

Election of 1960: Meet the Candidates

The Democrats nominated Massachusetts Senator John F. Kennedy (JFK). The Republicans nominated Eisenhower's Vice President, Richard M. Nixon from California. Nixon wanted to continue the "peace and prosperity" that Eisenhower had brought the nation in the 1950's and that Kennedy was too young and inexperienced to be trusted with the Presidency.

Kennedy's New Frontier

Kennedy's public image was often different than reality. The New Frontier came to be symbolized by the exploration of space.
Congress
Kennedy's narrow victory left him without a clear mandate to rule. Congress didn't approve many New Frontier proposals. "New Frontier" Goals Increase aid to education. Provide health insurance to the elderly. Create Department of Urban Affairs. Help Migrant Workers

Kennedy's Foreign Policy

Believed in peace that did not have to be enforced with weapons of war, and in peace for Americans and for all men and women around the world.

The Peace COrps

Trained and sent volunteers to Africa, Asia, and Latin America to serve for two years. Most volunteers were young college graduates. Increased goodwill toward the United States

Kennedys assassination

Shot and killed on November 22. 1963 in Dallas Texas while in an open-top convertible. He was pronounced dead t Dallas' Parkland Hospital at the age of 46. Vice President Johnson was sworn in within hours. LEE HARVEY OSWALD (1939-1963). Presumed assassin of President John F. Kennedy. Photographed following his arrest in Dallas, Texas, 22 November 1963. While being transferred to the county jail, Oswald was shot to death by Jack Ruby.

The Warren Commission

The strange circumstances surrounding President Kennedy's death caused people to wonder whether Oswald had acted alone in killing the president.
President Johnson appointed the Warren Commission to investigate the assassination. They determined that there was no conspiracy and that Oswald and Ruby had each acted alone. Additional government investigations and many private ones have never found credible evidence of a conspiracy.

Lyndon Johnson: Personality

Large and intense
Hardworking and ambitious
Greater concern for the poor and underprivileged than Kennedy
Believed in an expanded role for government

The Job Corps

offered work-training programs for unemployed youth. Served youth ages 16 through 24. Offered career planning, on-the-job training, and job placement. Some centers offered childcare programs for single parents as well.

The Great Society

The Great Society was a set of domestic programs proposed or enacted by President Johnson. Two main goals: elimination of poverty and racial injustice. New major spending programs that addressed education, medical care, urban problems, and transportation were launched during this period.
Johnson's success depended on his skills of persuasion, coupled with the Democratic landslide in the 1964 election that brought in many new liberals to Congress.
Some of the programs (Medicare and Medicaid) and federal education funding, continue to the present.

Election of 1928

Republican Herbert Hoover ran against Democrat Alfred E. Smith in the 1928 election.
Hoover emphasized years of prosperity under Republican administrations.
Hoover won an overwhelming victory.

Causes of the Great Depression

Tariffs
Decrease in product demand, factories were producing more
Farm sector crisis
Easy credit
Unequal distribution of income
Buying on Margin & Stock Speculation

After the crash...

people tried to withdraw their money from banks When banks could not produce money for all their customers, the banks failed This led to a run on banks across the U.S... hundreds of banks failed and thousands of people lost their savings The banking failure and stock market crash led to the collapse of thousands of businesses

Effects of the Great Depression

millions of people lost their jobs or took pay cuts to keep their jobs
unemployment grew to 12 million people
Americans spent less money
The decline in consumer confidence made the depression drag on until the 1940s
Americans lost confidence in banks as 25,000 banks failed; there was no money for investment
The USA had record poverty and suicide rates and healthcare declined; Charities offered soup kitchens and breadlines to help
Suicide rate rose more than 30% between 1928-1932.
Alcoholism rose sharply in urban areas.
Three times as many people were admitted to state mental hospitals.
Many people showed great kindness to strangers.
Birthrate decreased.
Life expectancy dropped.
People developed habits of savings & thriftiness.

soup kitchens and bread lines

places that provided free food during the great depression

Conditions for minorities during the great depression

Conditions for Blacks and Latinos were especially difficult.
Unemployment was the highest among minorities and their pay was the lowest.
Increased violence (24 lynchings in 1933 alone).
Many Mexicans were "encouraged" to return to their homeland.

Dust Bowl

Region of the Great Plains that experienced a drought in 1930 lasting for a decade, leaving many farmers without work or substantial wages.

Okies and Arkies

Americans who were forced out of their homes in Oklahoma and Arkansas (respectively) due to the dust storms and drought known as the Dust Bowl

John Steinbeck, Grapes of Wrath

1939 - Steinbeck's The Grapes of Wrath was about "Okies" from Oklahoma migrating from the Dust Bowl to California in the midst of the Depression.

Hoover during the Great Depression

-Hoover believed that economic outcomes were the product of individual character and that through voluntary action, the business community could right itself and recover from economic downturns
-Hoover cut federal taxes to boost private spending and corporate investment
-he believed America should "work harder" and "live a more moral life"
-he also supported high tariffs (taxes on imported goods designed to encourage American manufacturing
-however Hoover called the state and local government to provide jobs by investing in public projects
-he passed the Reconstruction Finance Corporation
-his philosophy of limited government and insistence of recovery contributed to his on popularity, especially in the 1932 election

Reconstruction Finance Corporation

Agency established in 1932 to provide emergency relief to large businesses, insurance companies, and banks.

Hoover Dam

A dam built in the 1930s, with funding from the federal government, to control the Colorado River.

Hoovers actions: Too late

Federal Farm Board to help farmers.
National Credit Organization to help smaller banks.
Federal Home Loan Bank Act and Reconstruction Finance Corp. were enacted to protect people's homes and businesses.

Hoovervilles

Depression shantytowns, named after the president whom many blamed for their financial distress

The bonus army

Group of WWI vets. that marched to D.C. in 1932 to demand the immediate payment of their goverment war bonuses in cash

Election of 1932

Democrat Franklin D. Roosevelt, beat the Republican, Herbert Hoover, who was running for reelection. FDR promised relief for the unemployed, help for farmers, and a balanced budget.

The New Deal

A series of reforms enacted by the Franklin Roosevelt administration between 1933 and 1942 with the goal of ending the Great Depression.
Focused on Relief, Recovery, and reform

The civilian conservation corps

New Deal program that hired unemployed men to work on natural conservation projects. They built roads, parks, soil erosion project, and employed 3 million men

The Public works admin

New Deal program that loaned or gave money for public work projects. It gave states and private firms money to build hospitals, roads, and public buildings. It also created millions of jobs.

Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC)

monitors the stock market and enforces laws regulating the sale of stocks and bonds

The Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation

a federally sponsored corporation that insures accounts in national banks and other qualified institutions. Ensures up to 250,000 in each bank account

The Tennessee valley authority

A relief, recovery, and reform effort that gave 2.5 million poor citizens jobs and land. It brought cheap electric power, low-cost housing, cheap nitrates, and the restoration of eroded soil.

Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA)

Gave farmers money to reduce crop size to reduce production and bring up the value of crops. The AAA helped farmers, but they never made enough money to stimulate the economy

The National Recovery Administration

Government agency that was part of the New Deal and dealt with the industrial sector of the economy. It allowed industries to create fair competition which were intended to reduce destructive competition and to help workers by setting minimum wages and maximum weekly hours. failed to create fair competition, stimulate industry, or end the depression

Criticism of the new deal

The most vocal critic was Louisiana Senator Huey Long. Huey Long's Share the Wealth plan proposed taxing all personal income over $1 million and give each U.S. family $2,500 per year
Father Coughlin - Detroit priest with popular radio show, said it didn't do enough to restrain capitalism
Dr. Francis Townsend - advocated for aid to the elderly; which became Social Security
American Liberty League - organization formed by WWI veterans and conservative business leaders who said it was too socialist; became the American Legion

Second New Deal

(1935) a new set of programs in the spring of 1935 including additional banking reforms, new tax laws, new relief programs

Works Progress Administration

New Deal agency that helped create jobs for those that needed them. It created around 9 million jobs working on bridges, roads, and buildings.

Social Security Act

(FDR) 1935, guaranteed retirement payments for enrolled workers beginning at age 65; set up federal-state system of unemployment insurance and care for dependent mothers and children, the handicapped, and public health

Wagner Act

1935, also National Labor Relations Act; granted rights to unions; allowed collective bargaining

Election of 1936

FDR (Democratic) reelected b/c of his New Deal programs and active style of personal leadership. Running against FDR was Alf Landon (Republic nominee)

New Deal unconstitutional

two New Deal recovery programs (AAA and NRA) were declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court. FDR threatened to "pack the Supreme Court" and increase the number of justices from 9 to 15. People were outraged as FDR appeared to be overstepping his Constitutional powers

The Hundred Days

refers to FDRs first weeks of presidency

Long-Term results of the new deal

creation of a safety net to help american families in emergency
expanded political participation by farmers, workers and the poor
a shift in national voting patterns in favor of the democratic party

WWII

A war fought from 1939 to 1945 between the Axis powers — Germany, Italy, and Japan — and the Allies, including France and Britain, and later the Soviet Union and the United States.

War Production Board (WPB)

a government agency set up to oversee production of war materials during World War II

Pre-fabrication

Pre-fabrication allowed shipbuilders to make a battleship in 14 days (rather than 355 days)

The War Power act

passed by Congress in 1973; the president is limited in the deployment of troops overseas to a sixty day period in peacetime (which can be extended an extra 30 days to permit withdrawals) unless Congress explicitly gives its approval for a longer period.

How did WWII pay for the war

The government drafted soldiers and sold war bonds to raise money to fund the war

The Office of war information

established by the government to promote patriotism and help keep Americans united behind the war effort. Directed Propaganda

The Office of Price Administration

WWII Office that installs price controls on essential items to prevent inflation

The War

Stimulated the economy and ended the great depression

Two front war

6 million men volunteered for the military after the Pearl Harbor attack
10 million more were drafted into service
Hundreds of training camps were created, mostly in the South

govt issues

During World War II, everything soldiers were given was "gov't issue" so soldiers became known as "GIs"

Black Soldiers in WWII

More than 1 million black soldiers served in segregated units under the command of white officers
Black soldiers were allowed to fight; The "Tuskegee airmen" were recognized for heroism

A. Philip Randolph and the March on Washington

led Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters: threatened a siege on DC if FDR did not agree to end discrimination in military

Exectutive Order 8802

signed by President Franklin D. Roosevelt on June 25, 1941, to prohibit ethnic or racial discrimination in the nation's defense industry. It also set up the Fair Employment Practice Committee.

Rosie the Riveter

symbol of American women who went to work in factories during the war

WWII led to work opportunities for...

women in the workforce and military. 6 million women entered the workforce in clerical work and in war-related industries

Pearl Harbor

Base in hawaii that was bombed by japan on December 7, 1941, which eagered America to enter the war.

Pearl harbor led to...

people fearing that Japanese-Americans were spying or helping prepare for a Japanese invasion of the USA. In 1942, President Roosevelt issued Executive Order 9066 which "relocated" 112,000 Japanese-Americans to internment camps away from the Pacific coast

Korematsu v. US

1944 Supreme Court case where the Supreme Court upheld the order providing for the relocation of Japanese Americans. It was not until 1988 that Congress formally apologized and agreed to pay $20,000 2 each survivor

Japanese Internment Camps

The forcible relocation of approximately 110,000 Japanese Americans to housing facilities called "War Relocation Camps", in the wake of Imperial Japan's attack on Pearl Harbor.

Civil Liberties Act of 1988

a United States federal law that granted reparations to Japanese-Americans who had been interned by the United States government during World War II.

Navajo Code Talkers

Native Americans from the Navajo tribe used their own language to make a code for the U.S. military that the Japanese could not desipher