UNIT 1-3: Community Health Nursing — Theoretical Foundations and Practice

100 vocabulary flashcards capturing key CHN concepts, theories, models, and Philippine public health content from the lecture notes.

The synthesis of nursing practice and public health practice applied to promoting and preserving the health of populations.

Community Health Nursing (CHN)

Preserve the health of the community by health promotion and health maintenance of individuals, families, and groups.

Major goal of CHN

A social justice ideal; entitles all to basic necessities and accepts collective burdens to enable health protection.

Mission of Public Health

A state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease.

WHO definition of health

A state of well-being in which a person uses purposeful, adaptive responses across physical, mental, emotional, spiritual, and social domains.

Murray's definition of health

Actualization of inherent/acquired human potential through goal-directed behavior, self-care, and satisfying relationships.

Pender's definition of health

A state of soundness or wholeness of developed human structures and functioning.

Orem's definition of health

Community vitality resulting from positive interactions among groups, emphasizing health promotion and illness prevention.

Social health

A collection of interacting people whose common interests form unity or belonging.

Allender's definition of community

A group sharing something in common that interacts and may share a geographic boundary.

Lundy & Janes' definition of community

A group with common interests that interacts and functions within a social structure to address concerns.

Clark's definition of community

A locality-based entity of formal and informal social structures reflecting society's institutions.

Shuster & Goeppinger's definition of community

Population organized by geographic boundaries (barangays, municipalities, etc.).

Geopolitical (Territorial) communities

Relational groups where place is abstract and members share a group identity based on culture, values, etc.

Phenomenological (Functional) communities

Most traditionally recognized community unit defined by natural or man-made boundaries.

Population

Subgroups or subpopulations with common characteristics or concerns.

Aggregates

Higher income/status is linked to better health; larger gaps yield greater health differences.

Income and Social Status (Determinant)

Low education levels are linked to poorer health, more stress, and lower self-confidence.

Education (Determinant)

Safe water, clean air, healthy workplaces, safe housing, and roads contribute to health.

Physical Environment (Determinant)

People in employment, especially with control over conditions, are healthier.

Employment and Working Conditions (Determinant)

Greater support from family, friends, and communities is linked to better health.

Social Support Networks (Determinant)

Customs, traditions, and beliefs of family/community affect health.

Culture (Determinant)

Inherited traits influence lifespan, health, and likelihood of disease.

Genetics (Determinant)

Diet, activity, substance use, and coping with stress affect health.

Personal Behavior and Coping Skills (Determinant)

Access to prevention and treatment influences health.

Health Services (Determinant)

Different disease patterns by sex/age; gender-related health differences and access issues.

Gender (Determinant)

Data on morbidity, mortality, and health status used to monitor populations.

Indicators of Health and Illness

Provides morbidity, mortality, and health-status data.

National Epidemiology Center (DOH/PSA)

Collect morbidity/mortality data and forward to higher health authorities.

Local Health Centers/Offices/Departments (LHCs)

Sanitation, disease control, and health education through organized community effort.

Public Health (Winslow)

Ongoing assessment of population health status and trends.

Health situation monitoring and analysis (WHO functions)

Systematic monitoring of disease incidence and distribution to guide prevention.

Epidemiological surveillance (functions)

Formulation of policies and strategic planning for population health.

Development of policies and planning in public health

Management of health services to achieve population health gains.

Strategic management of health systems

Legal and regulatory actions to protect public health.

Regulation and enforcement (public health)

Planning and developing the workforce needed for public health practice.

Human resources development in public health

Engaging communities to improve health and participate in health actions.

Health promotion, social participation and empowerment

Maintaining high standards of personal and population-based health services.

Ensuring quality of health services

Developing and applying new public health solutions through research.

Research and innovation in public health

An umbrella term for nursing practice that encompasses subspecialties like PHN, school nursing, etc.

ANA 1980 CHN definition

Public health nursing as professional practice applying nursing and public health skills to community problems.

Freeman (1963) PHN definition

Population-focused nursing using knowledge from nursing, social and public health sciences.

ANA (1996) PHN definition

Application of nursing process to individuals, families, and groups where they live/work.

Community-Based Nursing

CHN emphasizes community-wide health preservation; community-based nursing focuses on individuals/families.

CHN vs Community-Based Nursing

Focus on entire populations, grounded in population health assessment and broad determinants.

Population-Focused Nursing

Practice focused on the entire population, assessment of health status, broad determinants, and all levels of prevention.

Focused Practice (HPM context)

Minnesota framework describing 17 population-based public health interventions in 5 wedges across 3 levels of practice.

The Intervention Wheel

Monitors health events in populations.

Surveillance (Wheel)

Systematically collects and analyzes data on threats to population health.

Disease and Health Event Investigation

Locates populations of interest or those at risk for health services.

Outreach

Identifies individuals with unrecognized health risk factors.

Screening

Identifies at-risk individuals and connects them with resources.

Case Finding

Assists individuals and families to access resources and ensures continued care.

Referral and Follow-up

Optimizes self-care capabilities of individuals and families.

Case Management

Direct care tasks the nurse carries out on behalf of the client.

Delegated Functions

Transmits facts and skills to influence health-related knowledge and behavior.

Health Teaching

Establishes an interpersonal relationship to enhance self-care and coping.

Counseling

Seeks information and generates solutions to perceived problems.

Consultation

Two or more persons or organizations work together toward shared health goals.

Collaboration

Developing alliances among organizations to address health issues.

Coalition Building

Mobilizing communities to identify problems, mobilize resources, and implement strategies.

Community Organizing

Pleading for someone's cause or acting on behalf of others to improve health.

Advocacy

Applying marketing techniques to promote health programs.

Social Marketing

Placing health issues on decision-makers' agendas and pursuing regulatory actions.

Policy Development and Enforcement

New practice areas expanding CHN, including home health care, hospice home care, and Entreprenurse.

Emerging fields of CHN in the Philippines

Nursing care delivered in patients' homes to minimize illness and disability.

Home Health Care

Home-based palliative care for terminally ill patients.

Hospice Home Care

Nurse-led entrepreneurial efforts to deliver home health services and improve access.

Entreprenurse

Essential capabilities expected in CHN practice.

Competency Standards in CHN

Knowledge of health status, safety, privacy, medication administration, and nursing process.

Safe and Quality Nursing Care

Organization of workload and resources to ensure safe care environments.

Management of Resources and Environment

Assess learning needs and develop/implement health education plans.

Health Education (CHN)

Adherence to nursing laws, policies, and proper documentation.

Legal Responsibility

Respect for client rights and ethical/national codes of ethics for nurses.

Ethico-moral Responsibility

Continuous learning, professional growth, and adapting to change.

Personal and Professional Development

Data-driven efforts to improve care quality and safety.

Quality Improvement

Applying and disseminating research findings to improve client care.

Research

Accurate, updated documentation with legal and privacy considerations.

Records Management

Therapeutic communication, interpreting verbal/nonverbal cues, appropriate channels.

Communication

Creating collaborative relationships within the health team.

Collaboration and Teamwork

A portable kit used during home/community visits to enable safe, efficient care.

Nursing Bag (PHN bag)

Infection-control practice for organizing and using bag contents.

Bag Technique

Previsit, In-Home, and Postvisit phases guiding planning and execution.

Phases of Home Visit

Preparation by the nurse, establishing willingness, planning, and data gathering.

Pre-Visit Phase

Initiation, implementation, and termination of the visit within the home.

In-Home Phase

Greet, establish rapport, state purpose, and assess safety.

Initiation (Home Visit)

Apply nursing process, deliver care, and evaluate progress.

Implementation (Home Visit)

Summarize events and plan follow-up or another contact.

Termination (Home Visit)

Documentation of findings after returning to the facility.

Post-Visit Phase

A framework defining health promotion as enabling people to increase control over their health.

World Health Organization Ottawa Charter (Health Promotion)

Advocacy, enabling, and mediating among sectors to achieve health.

3 Basic Strategies for Health Promotion

Build healthy public policy, create supportive environments, develop personal skills, reorient health services, move into the future.

5 Priority Action Areas (Ottawa Charter)

Process of changing knowledge, skills, and attitudes for health promotion and risk reduction.

Health Education (Definition)

Key principles guiding adult education: clear message, appropriate format, conducive environment, meaningful experience, participation, evaluation.

Knowles' Adult Learning Principles (Nurse Educator)

Collecting demographic, health, and environmental data to assess families.

Preconception Data (CHN data collection)

Graphic tool showing family structure to analyze health patterns.

Genogram

Diagram showing social and community relationships affecting a family.

Ecomap

Information system guiding planning, priority setting, and evaluation of health programs.

FHSIS (Field Health Service Information System)

Standardized language for expressing health problems and responses.

Nursing Diagnoses (NANDA-I 2011)

A tool to assess family coping across physical independence, coping ability, knowledge, hygiene, attitudes, emotions, living patterns, environment, and facility use.

Family Coping Index (9 areas)