Lecture 1 - DNA

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Where is the phosphate group attached?

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32 Terms

1

Where is the phosphate group attached?

On the 5' carbon atom of the sugar

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2

Central Dogma

DNA -> RNA -> amino acid chain -> Protein;

transcription -> translation -> folding

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Proteins

Linear chains of amino acids which fold to make complex shapes that do specific tasks in the cell

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4

4 Different Structures of Proteins

Primary structure (AA chain)

Secondary structure (beta sheet and/or alpha helix)

Tertiary structure (3D)

Quaternary structure (complex of protein molecules)

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5

Cellular processes that depend on proteins:

catalysis, movement, structure, defense, communication, and transport

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DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)

- sugar-phosphate backbone

- double helix of anti-parallel strands

- two strands of nucleotides,

- covalent bonds that link the nucleotides together, and

- hydrogen bonds that hold the two strands together

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What is located at the 3' carbon atom of the sugar?

A hydroxyl (OH) group

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Major and minor groove

Major groove: has more access to nitrogen bases

Minor groove: has more access to sugar-phosphate backbone

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Overwound, Underwound, Supercoil

Overwinding: creates positive supercoils (DNA is too tight)

Underwinding: creates negative supercoils (DNA is too loose and can cause strands to more easily separate)

*think of a coiled telephone*

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Topoisomerase Enzymes

Responsible for preventing DNA breakage, countering forces that cause under/overwounding.

Type 1 and 2

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Topoisomerase Type 1

Cuts the strand and turns it around

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Genome

All of an organism's genetic material

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13

Chromosome

Large, continuous DNA molecule

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Methylation

methyl group, non-polar, hydrophobic.

methylation of histone proteins tightens DNA packing making it harder to read

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Nitrogenous Bases of DNA

adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine

(A-T, C-G)

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How are strands made?

The 5' phosphate attaches to 3' OH of next nucleotide = creating a strand with 5'-P end and a 3'-OH end

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Anti-parallel

One strand: 5' -> 3'

Other strand: 3' -> 5'

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The different helix structures of DNA

B-DNA (common form),

A-DNA,

Z-DNA

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19

Left and right-handed DNA

DNA helices are mostly right-handed.

A and B-DNA are right-handed, Z-DNA is left-handed.

*think of putting a thumbs up and the way which your other 4 fingers are facing is which way they are (putting a thumbs up with your right hand - fingers pointing towards your right = right-handed)*

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Topoisomerase Type 2

Fixes circular DNA that are stuck together

Makes a reversible covalent attachment to two opposite strands of one of the double helices creating a double-strand break and forming a protein gate.

This gate opens allowing the second DNA helix pass

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21

Prokaryotic Cells

- Domains: Archaea & Eubacteria

- small

- DNA stored in cytoplasm

- single-celled organisms

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Eukaryotic Cells

- Domains: Eukarya

- larger

- DNA stored in nucleus (surrounded by membrane)

- Have membrane-bound organelles

- single and multi-celled organisms

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23

Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Genomes

Prokaryotic:

- diverse

- one or more chromosomes

- chromosomes can be linear or circular

- can also have small circular plasmids

Eukaryotic:

- multiple linear chromosomes

*think humans*

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Agree or Disagree: genome size correlates with organismal complexity

Agree to a certain extent.

Genome size varies by organism but chromosomal rearrangements can cause chromosome number to vary by species

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Eukaryotic chromosomes made of

Chromatin

DNA molecules wrap around histone proteins forming the chromatin fiber that makes up chromosomes

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DNA wrapped around histone proteins forms

Nucleosome

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_______ ________ help pack DNA

Cohesion proteins

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Chromosome condensation

When DNA is more tightly packed, the genes are less likely to be read to make proteins

*think 'too tight' so it's harder to access and read*

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Euchromatin

loosely packed DNA actively being read to make proteins

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Heterochromatin

tightly packed DNA not being read.

located at the edge of the nucleus and lines the nucleus

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Acetylation

acetyl group, polar, dissolves well in H2O.

acetylation of histone proteins loosens DNA packing,

favors euchromatin

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32

RNA (ribonucleic acid)

- single stranded

- (A-U, G-C)

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