ANFS345 Exam 4

Fall 2025 animal physiology, taking questions from in-class assignments and quizzes, trying to come up with my own as well

Where does glycolysis occur?

The cytosol of the cell

How many NADH molecules does glycolysis generate?

2

What is the PRODUCT in glycolysis when the SUBSTRATE is GLUCOSE?

G6P

What is the ENZYME in glycolysis when the SUBSTRATE is GLUCOSE?

Hexokinase

What ENERGY is used in glycolysis when the SUBSTRATE is GLUCOSE?

1 ATP is used

What is the PRODUCT in glycolysis when the SUBSTRATE is G6P?

F6P

What is the PRODUCT in glycolysis when the SUBSTRATE is F6P?

F1,6DP

What is the PRODUCT in glycolysis when the SUBSTRATE is F1,6DP?

DHAP and GAP

What is the PRODUCT in glycolysis when the SUBSTRATE is DHAP?

GAP

What is the PRODUCT in glycolysis when the SUBSTRATE is (2x) GAP (GA3P)?

(2x) 1,3DPG

What is the PRODUCT in glycolysis when the SUBSTRATE is (2x) 1,3DPG?

(2x) 3PG

What is the PRODUCT in glycolysis when the SUBSTRATE is (2x) 3PG?

(2x) 2PG

What is the PRODUCT in glycolysis when the SUBSTRATE is (2x) 2PG?

(2x) PEP and H2O

What is the PRODUCT in glycolysis when the SUBSTRATE is (2x) PEP?

(2x) Pyruvic Acid

What is the ENZYME in glycolysis when the SUBSTRATE is F6P?

PFK

What is the ENZYME in glycolysis when the SUBSTRATE is (2x) GAP?

GAPDH

What is the ENZYME in glycolysis when the SUBSTRATE is (2x) 1,3DPG?

PGK

What is the ENZYME in glycolysis when the SUBSTRATE is (2x) 2PG?

Enolase

What is the ENZYME in glycolysis when the SUBSTRATE is (2x) PEP?

PK, Pyruvate Kinase

What ENERGY is produced in glycolysis when the SUBSTRATE is (2x) GAP?

(2x) NADH

What ENERGY is produced in glycolysis when the SUBSTRATE is (2x) PEP?

(2x) ATP

What ENERGY is produced in glycolysis when the SUBSTRATE is (2x) 1,3DPG?

(2x) ATP

How much ATP can be produced from 1 molecule of NADH?

2.5 ATP

How much ATP can be produced from 1 molecule of FADH?

1.5 ATP

In the Krebs Cycle, what does the Isocitrate to aKG reaction produce?

NADH

In the Krebs Cycle, what does the aKG to succinyl CoA reaction produce?

NADH

In the Krebs Cycle, what does the succinyl CoA to succinate reaction produce?

GTP

In the Krebs Cycle, what does the succinate to fumarate reaction produce?

FADH

In the Krebs Cycle, what does the malate to oxaloacetate reaction produce?

NADH

The enzyme _______ is needed to convert phosphoenolpyruvic acid to pyruvic acid

pyruvate kinase

The substrate _______ is required for glycolysis to begin.

glucose

The substrate needed to initiate the Krebs cycle is

acetyl coenzyme A

Which chemical reaction of the Krebs cycle produces FADH2

Succinate to fumarate

Which molecule(s) is(are) generated during aerobic metabolism?

CO2 and H2O

The specific role of oxygen in the cell is to

act as a final electron acceptor

Which molecule does not participate in proton pumping in the mitochondria?

Succinate dehydrogenase

If 43 protons pass through the ATP synthase, _______ ATP are produced.

10

How many ATP are produced for every 4 protons moved?

1 ATP

If a cell loses its mitochondria, the net number of ATP molecules that can be produced from one glucose molecule is

2 ATP (only glycolysis is possible).

Which is the correct order of events leading to the luteinizing hormone surge in rabbits?

Copulation stimulates sensory neurons in the cervix → neuronal impulses release norepinephrine → GnRH stimulates anterior pituitary cells to secrete LH → a surge of LH stimulates ovulation in the ovaries

Which aspect of reproduction is not typically studied by physiologists?

Sexual Selection

Which is the best example of postnatal provisioning?

Lactation

Which statement regarding human female gametes is true?

All primary oocytes are formed during fetal life

Which animal(s) menstruate(s)?

Humans and Gorillas

The physiological trigger for the onset of menstruation in humans is caused by

degeneration of the corpus luteum, resulting in a lack of progesterone for the support of the endometrium.

The enzyme responsible for converting androgens to estrogens is

aromatase

Which statement regarding estrogen during the follicular phase is true?

Along with follicle-stimulating hormone, estrogen stimulates the
proliferation and development of the follicles.

Sperm are produced in the

seminiferous tubules

The _______ cells support and regulate spermatogenesis

Sertoli

Which statement about the mammalian vomeronasal organ is true?

It mostly detects pheromones and other chemical signals

The molecule that absorbs light is called a

Photopigment

The ear drum is contained in the 

Middle ear

Sound travels in the following order

Ear drum > Hammer > Anvil > Stapes

Beat perception and synchronization within 120 to 140 beats/min in rats is processed via the

auditory cortex

Bitter taste may signal the presence of 

Toxins

The gustatory system is designed to identify ______________ main classes of taste

5

The sensors for smell are mostly located in the 

Olfactory epithelium

The vertical pupils in the cat allow it to see

certain regions in its visual field in very high clarity

What is true about dogs?

They inhale and exhale out of two different openings in the nose

Where does the Krebs cycle take place?

Mitochondria Matrix

What type of transduction does NOT include cell signaling?

Ionotropic Transduction

What type of transduction CAN include cell signaling, and is primarily secondary signaling?

Metabotropic Transduction

What type of STIMULUS do MECHANORECEPTORS perceive?

Touch, pressure, proprioception

What type of STIMULUS do VESTIBULAR RECEPTORS perceive?

Balance; body position and movement

What type of STIMULUS do OSMORECEPTORS perceive?

Osmotic Pressure

What type of STIMULUS do AUDITORY RECEPTORS perceive?

Sound

What type of STIMULUS do THERMORECEPTORS perceive?

Heating and Cooling

What type of STIMULUS do ELECTRORECEPTORS perceive?

Electric fields in water

What type of STIMULUS do PHOTORECEPTORS perceive?

Light

What type of STIMULUS do MAGNETORECEPTORS perceive?

Position or change of magnetic field

What type of STIMULUS do OLFACTORY CHEMORECEPTORS perceive?

Chemicals generally from a distance

What type of STIMULUS do TASTE CHEMORECEPTORS perceive?

Taste (Sweet, salty, sour, bitter, umami)

What type of TRANSDUCTION do OLFACTORY CHEMORECEPTORS use?

Metabotropic in vertebrates, ionotropic or mixed in insects

What type of TRANSDUCTION do TASTE CHEMORECEPTORS use? (SALTY and SOUR)

Ionotropic

What type of TRANSDUCTION do TASTE CHEMORECEPTORS use? (SWEET, BITTER, and UMAMI)

Metabotropic

What type of TRANSDUCTION do MAGNETORECEPTORS use?

Unknown

What type of TRANSDUCTION do PHOTORECEPTORS use?

Metabotropic

What type of TRANSDUCTION do ELECTRORECEPTORS use?

Ionotropic

What type of TRANSDUCTION do THERMORECEPTORS use?

Ionotropic

What type of TRANSDUCTION do AUDITORY RECEPTORS use?

Ionotropic

What type of TRANSDUCTION do OSMORECEPTORS use?

Ionotropic

What type of TRANSDUCTION do VESTIBULAR RECEPTORS use?

Ionotropic

What type of TRANSDUCTION do MECHANORECEPTORS use?

Ionotropic

What does the PACINIAN CORPUSCLE sense?

Vibration

What does the RUFFINI ENDING sense?

Pressure

What does the MEISSNER CORPUSCLE sense?

Touch

What does the MERKEL DISC sense?

touch and pressure

what do the FREE NERVE ENDINGS sense?

Pain, itch, temperature

What RECEPTOR does the MERKEL DISC utilize?

Tonic Receptor

What RECEPTOR does the RUFFINI ENDING utilize?

Tonic Receptor

What RECEPTOR does the MEISSNER CORPUSCLE utilize?

Phasic Receptor

What RECEPTOR does the PACINIAN CORPUSCLE utilize?

Extremely Phasic Receptor

The graphs in the figure represent the

percentage of pregnant females as a function of the season.

Which conclusion can be drawn from the information in the figure?

Populations at high latitudes reproduce during just 1–2 months.

Upon ovulation, the ruptured follicle next transforms to

Mature corpus luteum

What process is occurring at arrow III in the figure?

Ovulation and Estrus

What process is occurring at arrow I in the figure?

Menstruation

Which of the following hormones would not be surging at the time of arrow III in the figure?

FSH and Progesterone