Industrial revolution the remix

The middle class

Industrialization led to the rapid expansion of this social class.

Exports

By 1850

Reinvestment of money

The payment of dividends to investors had the effect of reinvesting money into new projects and ventures.

The aristocracy

Throughout the time period of the Industrial Revolution

Push/pull factors

The rapid growth of British towns was due to several factors

the improved production of agriculture and therefore less farmers needed was a push factor

while the new factory jobs was a pull factor.

Edwin Chadwick

Responsible for a Royal Commission report published in 1842 which highlighted the dangers of dreadful environmental and living conditions on peoples' health.

Yeomanry

A force made up of local volunteers

Hands off

This phrase could be used to describe the British government's attitude toward factory and industrial regulation during this time period.

Inanimate sources of energy

Crucial to industrialization was the replacement of human and animal power with inanimate sources of energy such as steam.

Commuting to work

One unintended consequence of the steam locomotive was the development of commuting to work.

Coal

Large natural deposits of this were key to Britain's speedy and successful Industrial Revolution.

Trade unions

A group of workers who join together to defend their work related interests.

Larger labor force

An overall increase in the population of Europe was shortly followed by a larger labor force

Brazil

Which of the following is not one of Britain's colonies during the middle of the 18th century?

Richard Arkwright

The first modern factory was built in 1769 by this individual.

Coke

Abraham Darby developed a technique for using coke

Over-crowding

Which of the following was not a short term-effect of urbanization?

Puddling

A vital process in making better quality iron

Railways

The development of this was spear-headed by Richard Trevithick and George Stephenson

Urbanization

One major effect of the Industrial Revolution.

Thomas Newcomen

Inventor of the steam engine.

Coal

By the late 1800's steam power was produced by using coal to heat water to its boiling point.

John Kay

The inventor of the Flying Shuttle.

Cholera

Urbanized areas grew increasingly more dirty and polluted

Space needed for coal

Why steamships continued to be outfitted with sails until the late 19th century.

Disunity among the leadership

Despite the many demands made by the Chartists

Textiles

Due to Britain's production of wool and cotton

The Luddites

Were skilled craftsmen who destroyed textile machines.

The enclosure system

By the mid-18th century landowners began surrounding areas of common land and using them to produce a diversity of crops denying access to the peasants.

Tore working families apart

Bottom line

Problem of poverty

One of the first actions taken by the first government formed in the newly reformed House of Commons was to deal with this issue.

Poor Law

A revised Poor Law.

Patriarchal Society

Despite the many social effects of industrialization

Agricultural Revolution

The many changes in food production are known in history as the Agricultural Revolution.

Turnpike Trusts

Turnpike Trusts were companies created to invest in

Agricultural Revolution Changes

Improved soil fertility (use of fertilizers to increase nutrients in soil)

Triangle of Trade

Traded between each other. Britain would send goods to Africa in exchange for slaves

Coke Development

Coke was developed because it was not efficient to use wood to make iron because supply of wood was low. Iron industry was huge

Steam Engine Development

There was a lot of water in the coal mines that needed to be pumped out to access. Thomas Newcomen invented the steam engine that could pump out large quantities of water for a low cost. Its power was generated by using coal and water.

Duke of Bridgewater

1761 - Duke of Bridgewater built a canal from his coal mines to Manchester to carry coal. Major breakthrough in transportation because now the coal transportation system was much more efficient.

Turnpike Trusts Infrastructure

Parliament passed acts to form Turnpike Trusts to build and maintain 24

Iron Production Improvement

1783-84 - Henry Cort created patents on puddling and rolling iron ore. This led to production of better quality iron which led to cheaper iron being available across Britain.

Uses of Steam Engine

Steam engines were used to pump out water from coal mines

Richard Arkwright's Factory System

1769 - Derbyshire - Arkwright created first factory

Railways in Industrial Britain

1829 - Stephensons built a mobile steam engine capable of hauling coal and other large goods. Cost of transport was reduced

Railways

People started to use railways for travel and eventually commute from suburbs into industrial cities.

Government support for markets

The government made sure no tariffs on imports/exports to continue to grow the economy.

Investment in railways

Over 100 members invested in railway companies

Importance of canals

Canals had a huge impact on transportation

Importance of ports

Enabled international trade to flourish

Push factors of urbanization

Agriculture was more effective so less people were needed to work on farms

Pull factors of urbanization

Industrial towns provided many new jobs (manufacturing)

Living conditions for working class

Families often lived in single room houses

Edwin Chadwick

Originally a lawyer

Public health reforms

Chadwick helped create the Poor Law in England and wrote a book about the outbreak of cholera and its impact.

Working environment for women and children

Over 65% of working force were women and children

Social class changes

The middle class grew because people from working class were making more money and able to climb the social ladder.

Great Reform Act of 1832

Working class men gained nothing

Effectiveness of rioting and protesting

Swing and Luddite riots decreased independent status of workers due to the introduction of machinery.

Corresponding Societies

Made up of skilled and literate workers

Impact of food availability on unrest

Much anger during Chartism stemmed from lack of employment and hunger.

Great Reform Act of 1832

Working class men gained nothing

MP

MP stands for members of parliament.

Poor Law Amendment Act of 1834

People would get welfare in workhouses

Chartist movement

Chartists were a group who wanted to unite the working class. Had 6 demands: universal manhood suffrage

Trade unions

Trade unions gave the working class more bargaining power against their employers like how they were able to get insurance. Illegal

Benefits of Urbanization

Railway transportation was cheap

Disadvantages of Urbanization

Builders didn't take into consideration of ventilation and heating for homes

Captain Swing Riots aims

In 1830

Captain Swing Riots overall results

Riots were ruled unlawful

Luddite Riots aims

Protestors were upset because factories were more productive. They destroyed machines in factories.

Luddite Riots overall results

Unable to stop arrival of machinery. Destruction of factories was not favorable for owners.

Great Reform Act of 1832 aims

Wanted to rectify the electoral system to allow more people to have a say in government.

Great Reform Act of 1832 overall results

Working class didn't get the right to vote

New Poor Law aims

Meant to share change and update the Old Poor Law from the 16th century. Wanted to unify the Poor Law across the country. Cut costs to landowners. Tried to make it so government provided as little welfare as possible. Intended to make the welfare the least desirable

New Poor Law overall results

Workhouses were established where the poor could live and work (like a prison). Deliberately uncomfortable and tedious for working the poor.

Chartists aims

1838 - working class men tried to unite the working class across Britain. Created a 'People's Charter' that outlined areas of reform. Chartists sent petitions to Parliament with signatures of support for adoption (government ignored). Huge rallies across Britain to show support.

Chartists overall results

Nothing really amounted from the demonstrations

Trade unions key aims

Trade unions were technically illegal

Trade unions overall results

Unions became legal

Cooperative societies aims

They wanted to improve the conditions themselves. There was a shop created in 1844 with 28 skilled working-class people who were idealists possibly influenced by some of the socialist ideas of Robert Owen.

Cooperative societies overall results

Things sold at the shop were very reasonably priced for once and the shop wasn't designed to be profitable. There were no religious biases. These societies later played a significant role in the formation of the Labor party

Repression

The action of subduing someone or something by force.

Overcrowding in Britain

Population went from 15.7 million to 23.7 million. People lived in horrible living conditions (one family only lived in one room).

Sanitation in Britain

Everything was unsanitary and diseases were everywhere.

Health in Britain

So many people were dying from diseases and there was poor ventilation in homes of the workers.

Shift work

You would split shifts up

Factory Fines

If rule-breaking was discovered the financial penalties imposed were small and hardly on the workers. There's new discipline workers

Dangerous working conditions

Everything was unsanitary and people were overworked. So many people got hurt during the job. No health and safety regulations too.

Growth of factory system

Instead of individual workers working by themselves

Developments in the iron industry

Allows for more steam engines to be created

Coke

A fuel derived from coal

Growth of railways

Railways between ports and manufacturing cities allowed for better transportation and distribution of goods.

Transportation of coal

Became much cheaper and faster

Commuting

A main form of transportation for workers in urban cities.

Export quantity increase

Increased quantity of goods exported and decreased time

Factory supply delivery

Allowed for supplies to factories to be delivered efficiently and smoothly to keep them running at optimum output.

Improvements to steam engine

Led to more availability of coal for iron production.

Steamships

Used to transport goods across the Atlantic rapidly