HOSA Behavioral Health 2024

Pons

Controls facial expressions.

Central Nervous System (Cns)

Includes the brain and spinal cord.

Brainstem

Contains midbrain, medulla, and pons; oldest part of the brain.

Medulla

Controls breathing and heart rate.

Cerebellum

Responsible for motor coordination and balance.

Reticular Formation

Controls mood, arousal, sleep; major source of serotonin and norepinephrine.

Thalamus

Relays sensory input to cerebral cortex.

Basal Ganglia

Involved in voluntary movement; degeneration in Parkinson's; also involved in OCD and ADHD.

Hypothalamus

Controls temperature, hunger, thirst, and the endocrine system; involved in the 4Fs (Feeding, Fleeing, Fighting, Fornication).

Hippocampus

Important for the formation of long-term memories.

Cingulate Gyrus

Involved in reward-based decision making.

Amygdala

Involved in memory and emotion, particularly fear and aggression.

Nucleus Accumbens

Associated with reward and pleasure.

Corpus Callosum

Connects the left and right hemispheres of the brain.

Cerebral Cortex

Thin layer of gray matter covering cerebral hemispheres.

Frontal Lobe

Associated with abstract thought, decision-making, and judgement; contains motor cortex and Broca's area in the left hemisphere.

Broca's Area

Involved in speech production; located in the frontal lobe in the left hemisphere.

Prefrontal Cortex

Responsible for planning, attention, and judgement.

Orbitofrontal Cortex

Associated with emotion and impulse control.

Occipital Lobe

Primary visual cortex.

Temporal Lobe

Primary auditory cortex.

Parietal Cortex

Primary somatosensory cortex.

Lateralization

Localization of function in one of the brain's hemispheres.

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

Includes nerves and ganglia outside the CNS; consists of somatic and autonomic nervous systems.

Somatic Nervous System

Controls voluntary movements.

Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)

Controls involuntary movements and manages glands and organs; consists of sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems.

Sympathetic Nervous System

Mobilizes the body; increases heart rate, blood pressure, and respiration while decreasing digestion.

Parasympathetic Nervous System

Relaxes the body; decreases heart rate and blood pressure while increasing digestion.

Enteric Nervous System

Nerve cells in the gastrointestinal system; communicates with the endocrine system; source of 95% of boys’ serotonin.

Endocrine System

Responsible for the release of hormones into the bloodstream; responses to input from the hypothalamus.

Pineal Gland

Releases melatonin; maintenance of sleep-wake cycles.

Pituitary Gland

The master gland; stimulates other glands; controlled by the hypothalamus.

Types of Glial Cells

Astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and microglia.

Astrocytes

Maintains blood-brain barrier; nourish neurons.

Oligodendrocytes

Myelinate CNS axons and provides structural framework.

Microglia

The brain's immune cells that remove dead cells and pathogens by phagocytosis.

Satellite Cells

Support and surround the bodies of PNS neurons.

Schwann Cells

Myelinate PNS neurons.

Resting Potential

The neuron’s stable negative charge when it is inactive; approximately -70 mV.

Threshold Potential

The level reached when a neuron is ready to fire; approximately -50 mV.

Peak Action Potential

The membrane potential when a neuron is positively charged; approximately +40 mV.

Action Potential

Initiated when the membrane is depolarized to threshold.

Reuptake

NT reabsorbed by neuron that released it.,

Acetylcholine (Ach)

NT that enables muscle action, learning, and memory

Epinephrine

NT involved in arousal; fight-or-flight; aka adren-aline

Norepinephrine

NT that controls alertness and arousal.

Dopamine

NT involved in movement, learning, attention, and emotion; excess = schizophrenia, lack = Parkinson's

Serotonin

NT involved in mood, hunger, sleep, and arousal; lack = depression

Endorphins

Natural opiates; NT; control pain and pleasure.

Glutamate

Major excitatory NT involved in memory; excess = migraines and seizures

GABA

Inhibition of brain activity

Anxiety Disorders

The most common type of mental disorders.

Serious Mental Illness

Occurs at any time during the last year having a diagnosable, mental, behavioral, or emotional disorder that causes functional impairment that interferes with at least one major life event

Serious Emotional Disturbance (SED)

Occurs in children who have been diagnosed with a mental, behavioral, or emotional disorder

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)

Characterized by deficits in social relatedness and communication skills.

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

Unusual inattentiveness, hyperactivity with impulsivity, or both

Schizophrenia

Characterized by hallucinations, delusions, disorganized thought and speech, disorders of movement, restricted affect, and avolition or asociality

Bipolar Disorder

Mood disorder with alternating periods of mania and depression.

Major Depressive Disorder (MDD)

Characterized by lengthy periods of depressed mood, loss of pleasure in normal activities, disturbances in sleep and appetite, difficulty concentrating, feelings of hopelessness, and possible thoughts of suicide

Anhedonia

Lack of interest in activities that were previously enjoyable.

Diathesis-Stress Model

Suggests that biological vulnerabilities for a disorder interact with a person's experience of stress

Social Anxiety Disorder

Unrealistic fear of being scrutinized and criticized by others

Panic Disorder

Repeated panic attacks and fear of future attacks

Agoraphobia

Fear of open spaces, being outside the home, being in a crowd

Generalized Anxiety Disorder

Excessive anxiety for 6 months that is not correlated with a specific object

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (Ocd)

Characterized by intrusive obsessions and compulsions.

Body Dysmorphic Disorder

Unrealistic perception of physical flaws.

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)

Caused by the experience of trauma, which leads to flashbacks, dreams, hyper vigilance, and avoidance of stimuli associated with the traumatic event

Personality Disorder

Impairments in identity, personality traits, and in establishment of empathy or intimacy

Alcohol Use Disorder

Diagnostic criteria: problems controlling intake, continued use despite problems, developed tolerance, risky behavior caused by drinking; 17 million alcohol users have alcohol use disorder

Psychotherapy

Treatment designed to improve symptoms of psychological disorder through conversation between the therapist and client

Behavioral Health

The promotion of mental health, resilience, and well-being, prevention and treatment of mental and substance abuse disorders, support during recovery

Psychological Model

Shows abnormalities resulting from life experiences.

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)

Psychotherapy for borderline personality disorder - from this, individuals learn to manage stress, emotions, and relationships. - In particular, psychotherapists emphasizes skills aimed at reducing the individual's potential for suicidal thinking and behaviour.

Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)

Seizures are induced in an anesthetized patient; used to treat mood disorders that have not responded to medication

Deep Brain Stimulation

Electrical stimulation applied through surgically implanted electrodes that is used to treat some anxiety and mood disorders

Health Information Technology (HIT)

Focuses on integrating behavioral health with electronic health records.

Concordance Rates

Rates that represent the likelihood of identical twins both having a disorder.

Life Skills Training

Programs intended to help develop knowledge and skills for good decisions.

SAMHSA

Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration.

Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT)

Attempts to address symptoms in the order of their importance for borderline personality disorder: reducing suicidal thoughts, reducing behaviors that interfere with therapy, and finally reducing behaviors that interfere with the quality of life.

Alcohol Use Effects

Weakens the immune system and causes memory problems.

Nicotine Use Effects

Increases heart rate and blood pressure.

Treatment For Substance Abuse

Includes counseling, inpatient treatment, and medications.

Medication For Alcohol Abuse

• Acamprosate: reduces the symptoms of protracted withdrawal and has been shown to help individuals with alcohol use disorders who have achieved abstinence go on to maintain abstinence for several weeks to months

• Naltrexone: used to block the effects of opioids, and have been effective in reducing cravings

• Disulfiram: changes the body metabolizes alcohol, results in unpleasant reaction (nausea, flush-ing, etc.) if the person takes the medication, then drinks alcohol

Medication For Opioid Use

• Methadone and Buprenorphine: reduce effects of opioid withdrawal and cravings; shown to decrease the risk behaviors that lead to the transmission of HIV and viral hepatitis such as using opioids by injection and increased retention to treatment.

• Extended-Release Injectable Naltrexone- reduces the risk of relapse to opioid use and helps control cravings; is particularly useful to people exiting control settings where abstinence has been enforced, such as jail, rehab, or situations where maintenance with an opioid agonist is not available or appropriate.

Vasodilation

Process in which blood vessels widen, allowing more blood to flow and reducing blood pressure.

Diazepam (Valium)

Used to treat anxiety, alcohol withdrawal, and seizures. It is also used to relieve muscle spasms and to provide sedation before medical procedures. This medication works by calming the brain and nerves.

Myelination

Formation of the myelin sheath around a nerve to allow for improved conduction.

Phagocytosis

Process by which a cell engulfs and destroys foreign substances or dead cells

What are the two types of PNS cells?

Satellite and schwann cells

What is the value of resting potential, threshold, and peak?

-70 mV, -50 mV, +40 mV

The action potential is initiated when the membrane is _____ to threshold.

Depolarized

Oxazepam (Serax)

Used to relieve symptoms of anxiety, including anxiety caused by depression, and the symptoms of alcohol withdrawal. (oxazepam is a ben-zodiazepine.)

Benzodiazepine

Prescription medications that slow down brain activity to produce a calming effect.

Lithium Carbonate (Lithobid)

Used to treat manic-depressive disorder (bipolar disorder). It works to stabilize the mood and re-duce extremes in behavior by restoring the balance of certain natural substances (neurotransmitters) in the brain.

Olanzapine (Zypreza)

Treats schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. It balances the levels of dopamine and serotonin in your brain.

Haloperidol (Haldol)

Schizophrenia and manages tics and vocal out-bursts if you're diagnosed with Tourette's syndrome. It can also treat behavioral issues among children.

What percent of U.S children ages 4-17 have ADHD?

8.8%

A student is seeking a counselor to work on individual strategies to develop knowledge, attitudes and skills needed to change certain behaviors. All of the following elements are considered a component of an effective program, except which one? (SAMHS)

Social commitment to not using drugs.