Bio160 Exam 2

UTK Bio160 exam 2

Energy

Energy

capacity to cause change

first law of thermodynamics

Energy cannot be created or destroyed

potential energy

stored energy

kinetic energy

energy of motion

potential energy types

location (gravitational) and structure (chemical bonds)

kinetic energy types

light, sound, mechanical, and thermal

high potential energy

shared electrons far from positively charged nuclei

nonpolar

long, weak bonds

polar

short, strong bonds

spontaneous reaction equation

ΔG=ΔH-TΔS

ΔG

change in Gibbs energy

ΔH

change in enthalpy

ΔS

change in entropy

T

temperature in degrees Kelvin

enthalpy

total energy in a molecule, cause of a molecules pressure and volume

ΔH is negative

products have less potential energy, heat is released

ΔH is positive

products have more potential energy, heat is absorbed

entropy

amount of disorder (larger=more disordered)

ΔS is negative

products more ordered than reactants (A+B=AB)

ΔS is positive

products more disordered than reactants (AB=A+B)

reaction is always spontaneous

enthalpy decreases and entropy increases

reaction is always nonspontaneous

enthalpy increases and entropy decreases

depends on exact values and temperature

enthalpy increases and entropy increases

depends on exact values and temperature

enthalpy decreases and entropy decreases

exergonic reaction

releases energy (oxidation)

endergonic reaction

requires energy (reduction)

energetic coupling

chemical energy released from one reaction to drive another

reduction reaction

gain of one or more electrons

oxidation reaction

loss of one or more electrons

oxidized molecule

loses a proton

reduced molecule

gains a proton

enzymes

lower the activation energy barrier

Enzyme regulation

temperature, pH, protein cleavage, phosphorylation

competitive inhibition

inhibitor blocks substrate from going into active site

allosteric inhibition

inhibitor goes into different active site and changes the active site for the substrate

allosteric regulation

regulatory molecule binds to separate spot to open active site for the substrate

cellular respiration

C6H12O6 + 6O2 --> 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy

cellular respiration oxidation

C6H12O6 --> 6CO2

cellular respiration reduction

6O2 --> 6H2O

stages of cellular respiration

glycolysis, pyruvate processing, the citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation

glycolysis input

1 glucose, 2 ATP, 4 ADP, 2 NAD+

glycolysis output + net atp

2 pyruvate, 4ATP, 2 ADP, 2 NADH, 2 ATP

Glycolysis occurs in the

cytoplasm

pyruvate processing input

2 pyruvate, 2 NAD+, 2 CoA

pyruvate processing output

2 CO2, 2 NADH, 2 Acetyl CoA

pyruvate processing occurs in the

mitochondrial matrix or cytoplasm of prokaryotes

citric acid cycle input

2 acetyl CoA, 2 ADP, 6 NAD+, 2 FAD

citric acid cycle output

4 CO2, 2 ATP, 6 NADH, 2 FADH2, 2 CoA

citric acid cycle occurs in

mitochondrial matrix or cytoplasm of prokaryotes

oxidative phosphorylation input

2 FADH2, 10 NADH, 6 O2, 25-32 ADP

oxidative phosphorylation output

2 FAD, 10 NAD+, 6 H2O, 25-32 ATP

oxidative phosphorylation occurs in the

inner mitochondrial membrane or plasma membrane of prokaryotes

Electron Transport Chain occurs in the

inner mitochondrial membrane called cristae

regulating the activity of phosphofructokinase

glycolysis can be regulated by

Phosphofructokinase (PFK) allosteric inhibitor

ATP

PFK affinity for ATP

active site has higher affinity for ATP than allosteric site

feedback inhibition

regulates glycolysis by conserving glucose when ATP is high

fermentation

the final electron acceptor is absent and only produces 2 ATP

Photosynthesis

6CO2 + 6H2O + light --> C6H12O6 + 6O2

3 basic types of photosynthetic organisms

plants, photosynthetic protists, photosynthetic bacteria

photosystem II

capture sunlight, split water, O2 byproduct

photosystem I

convert CO2 into glucose

photosystem

a cluster of a few hundred pigment molecules that function as a light-gathering antenna

photosystem I and II

located in the thylakoid membrane

light reaction input

light, H2O, ADP, NADP+

light reaction output

O2, NADPH, ATP

three phases of the calvin cycle

fixation, reduction, regeneration

calvin cycle input

CO2, ATP, NADPH

calvin cycle output

ADP, NADP+, glucose from G3P

rubisco

The most abundant protein on earth. Performs Carbon Fixation in the Calvin Cycle.

stroma

where the calvin cycle takes place in eukaryotic photosynthesis

thylakoid membrane

photosystem I and II, ETC, and ATP synthase location in eukaryotic photosynthesis

thylakoid lumen

where protons accumulate in eukaryotic photosynthesis

cytoplasm

where glycolysis occurs in eukaryotic cellular respiration

mitochondrial matrix

where pyruvate processing and citric acid cycle occurs in eukaryotic cellular respiration

inner mitochondrial membrane

ATP synthase and electron transport chain in eukaryotic cellular respiration

Innermembrane space

where protons accumulate in eukaryotic cellular respiration

cellular replication result

2 identical daughter cells

cellular reproduction purpose

asexual reproduction, production of new cells

cell cycle phases

interphase (G1, S phase, G2), and mitotic (M) phase

when does DNA replicate

S phase

phases of mitosis

prophase/prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

interphase

after chromosome replication, each one has 2 sister chromatids

prophase/prometaphase

chromosomes condense, spindle apparatus forms, nuclear envelope breaks down, and microtubules connect to kinetochores

metaphase

chromosomes migrate to middle

anaphase

sister chromatids separate into daughter chromosomes and are pulled apart

telophase

nuclear envelope reforms and chromosomes decondense

cytokinesis

actin myosin ring causes plasma membrane to pinch inwards, cytoplasm divides, and two daughter cells form

only in animal cell cytokinesis

cleavage furrow, actin, and myosin

cell plate

microtubules direct vesicles to the center to divide the cell into two plant cells

binary fission step 1

DNA is copied and protein filaments attach

binary fission step 2

DNA copies separated, ring of proteins forms

binary fission step 3

ring of protein draws in membrane, then separates

cancer is caused by cells that

divide in an uncontrolled fashion, invade nearby tissues, and spread to other sites in the body (metastasis)

divide in uncontrolled fashion

mutated tumor suppressor gene which produces a defective nonfunctioning protein, leading to excessive cell division

p53 - tumor suppressor gene

binds to enhancers and promotes transcription of genes that arrest the cell cycle, repair DNA damage, and trigger apoptosis

passing G1 checkpoint

adequate cell size, sufficient nutrients, social signals present, and DNA undamaged

passing G2 checkpoint

chromosomes have replicated successfully, undamaged DNA, and activated MPF present

passing M-phase checkpoints

chromosomes have attached to spindle apparatus, chromosomes properly segregated, and MPF is present

M-phase promoting factor

binds to cyclin (regulatory protein)