AP Psych Module 34-36, 60-64

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118 Terms

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cognition
all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating. (p. 356)
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concept
a mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people. (p. 356)
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convergent thinking
narrows the available problem solutions to determine the single best solution. (p. 357)
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creativity
the ability to produce novel and valuable ideas. (p. 357)
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divergent thinking
expands the number of possible problem solutions (creative thinking that diverges in different directions). (p. 357)
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prototype
a mental image or best example of a category. Matching new items to a prototype provides a quick and easy method for sorting items into categories (as when comparing feathered creatures to a prototypical bird, such as a robin). (p. 356)
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algorithm
a methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem. Contrasts with the usually speedier/but also more error/prone/use of heuristics. (p. 361)
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availability heuristic
estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory; if instances come readily to mind (perhaps because of their vividness), we presume such events are common. (p. 364)
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belief perseverance
clinging to one's initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited. (p. 367)
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confirmation bias
a tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence. (p. 362)
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framing
the way an issue is posed; how an issue is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgments. (p. 368)
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heuristic
a simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently; usually speedier but also more error
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insight
a sudden realization of a problem's solution; contrasts with strategy/based solutions. (p. 361)
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intuition
an effortless, immediate, automatic feeling or thought, as contrasted with explicit, conscious reasoning. (p. 363)
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mental set
a tendency to approach a problem in one particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past. (p. 362)
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overconfidence
the tendency to be more confident than correct/to overestimate the accuracy of our beliefs and judgments. (p. 365)
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representativeness heuristic
judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes; may lead us to ignore other relevant information. (p. 364)
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aphasia
impairment of language, usually caused by left hemisphere damage either to Broca's area (impairing speaking) or to Wernicke's area (impairing understanding). (p. 377)
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babbling stage
beginning at about 4 months, the stage of speech development in which the infant spontaneously utters various sounds at first unrelated to the household language. (p. 374)
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Broca's area
controls language expression an area of the frontal lobe, usually in the left hemisphere, that directs the muscle movements involved in speech. (p. 377?)
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grammar
in a language, a system of rules that enables us to communicate with and understand others. In a given language, semantics is the set of rules for deriving meaning from sounds, and syntax is the set of rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences. (p. 373)
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language
our spoken, written, or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning. (p. 372)
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linguistic determinism
Whorf's hypothesis that language determines the way we think. (p. 379)
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morpheme
in a language, the smallest unit that carries meaning; may be a word or a part of a word (such as a prefix). (p. 373)
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one word stage
the stage in speech development, from about age 1 to 2, during which a child speaks mostly in single words. (p. 375)
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phoneme
in a language, the smallest distinctive sound unit. (p. 373)
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telegraphic speech
early speech stage in which a child speaks like a telegram/"go car"/using mostly nouns and verbs. (p. 375)
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two
word stage
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Wernicke's area
controls language reception/a brain area involved in language comprehension and expression; usually in the left temporal lobe. (p. 377)
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emotional intelligence
the ability to perceive, understand, manage, and use emotions. (p. 612)
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factor analysis
a statistical procedure that identifies clusters of related items (called factors) on a test; used to identify different dimensions of performance that underlie a person's total score. (p. 608)
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general intelligence (g)
a general intelligence factor that, according to Spearman and others, underlies specific mental abilities and is therefore measured by every task on an intelligence test. (p. 608)
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grit
in psychology, grit is passion and perseverance in the pursuit of long
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intelligence test
a method for assessing an individual's mental aptitudes and comparing them with those of others, using numerical scores. (p. 607)
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intelligence
mental quality consisting of the ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations. (p. 607)
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savant syndrome
a condition in which a person otherwise limited in mental ability has an exceptional specific skill, such as in computation or drawing. (p. 609)
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achievement test
a test designed to assess what a person has learned. (p. 619)
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aptitude test
a test designed to predict a person's future performance; aptitude is the capacity to learn. (p. 619)
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content validity
the extent to which a test samples the behavior that is of interest. (p. 622)
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intelligence quotient (IQ)
defined originally as the ratio of mental age (ma) to chronological age (ca) multiplied by 100 (thus, IQ \= ma/ca × 100). On contemporary intelligence tests, the average performance for a given age is assigned a score of 100, with scores assigned to relative performance above or below average. (p. 618)
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mental age
a measure of intelligence test performance devised by Binet; the chronological age that most typically corresponds to a given level of performance. Thus, a child who does as well as the average 8
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normal curve (normal distribution)
a symmetrical, bell
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predictive validity
the success with which a test predicts the behavior it is designed to predict; it is assessed by computing the correlation between test scores and the criterion behavior. (Also called criterion
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reliability
the extent to which a test yields consistent results, as assessed by the consistency of scores on two halves of the test, on alternate forms of the test, or on retesting. (p. 622)
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standardization
defining uniform testing procedures and meaningful scores by comparison with the performance of a pretested group. (p. 621)
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Stanford
Binet
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validity
the extent to which a test measures or predicts what it is supposed to. (See also content validity and predictive validity.) (p. 622)
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Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)
the WAIS is the most widely used intelligence test; contains verbal and performance (nonverbal) subtests. (p. 620)
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