GEOG 200 Exam 2

What sport is big in Canada?

Hockey

Canada’s population

~30 million; most live within 200 miles of the U.S. border

Secession in Canada

Movement for regions (especially Quebec) to become independent to preserve French culture

Quebec referenda

Votes on independence; most recent narrowly rejected separation

Head of state of Canada

British Crown

Inuit treatment

Historically marginalized; creation of Nunavut (majority Inuit region)

USA population

~331 million

Richest large country

United States

Poverty level

Less than $20,000

Puerto Ricans in U.S.

East Coast & Chicago (NYC, Boston, Philly, Miami, Orlando)

Mexicans in U.S.

California, Texas, New Mexico, Arizona

African Americans distribution

Southeast; major cities like Atlanta, LA, NYC, DC, Detroit

“Black capital” of U.S.

City with majority Black leadership and political power

Native Americans distribution

Mostly west of Mississippi (South Dakota, Oklahoma, Oregon, etc.)

Redlining

Housing discrimination through banking/real estate to enforce segregation

Great Black Migration

1930s–1950s movement of African Americans from South to North

Reasons for Great Migration

Jobs (industry) and escaping inequality

Great Migration destinations

Northern cities and California (LA, Oakland)

Acid rain

Precipitation with sulfur and nitrogen oxides from industry

Agribusiness

Large-scale corporate farming systems

Cultural homeland

Area where a group’s culture is dominant and long-standing

Edge city

Suburban commercial hub with malls, offices, and industry

Ethnicity

Shared cultural identity and heritage

Food deserts

Areas lacking access to fresh and affordable food

Fracking

Injecting fluid underground to extract natural gas

Gender gap

Inequality in pay and power between genders (~women earn ~80%)

Gentrification

Wealthier people displacing poorer residents in cities

Megalopolis

Large urban corridor (e.g., NYC to DC)

NAFTA

North American Free Trade Agreement

Outsourcing

Moving jobs to lower-cost countries

Renewable energy

Solar, wind, hydro, geothermal

Urban heat island

Cities warmer than rural areas due to development

Megacities (North America)

New York and Los Angeles

Suburbanization

Movement of people from cities to suburbs

Urbanization

Increasing population in cities

Deindustrialization

Loss of industrial jobs in cities

Rust Belt

Old industrial region in Northeast/Midwest with decline

Sun Belt

Southern and western U.S. region with population growth

Immigration

Migration into a country

Emigration

Migration out of a country

Push factors

Conditions that drive people to leave (war, poverty)

Pull factors

Conditions that attract people (jobs, safety)

Assimilation

Adopting dominant culture

Multiculturalism

Preserving diverse cultures within society

Melting pot

Blending of cultures into one

Salad bowl

Different cultures coexist without blending

Census

Official population count

Population density

Number of people per unit area

Carrying capacity

Max population environment can support

Sustainability

Meeting needs without harming future generations

Globalization

Increasing global connections and interdependence

GDP

Gross Domestic Product; total value of goods/services

Per capita GDP

GDP per person

Standard of living

Level of wealth, comfort, material goods

Developed country

High income, industrialized

Developing country

Lower income, less industrialized

Core countries

Wealthy, dominant economies

Periphery countries

Poorer, dependent economies

Semi-periphery countries

Middle-income, transitional

Urban sprawl

Uncontrolled expansion of cities

Zoning

Laws regulating land use

Infrastructure

Basic systems (roads, water, power)

Public transportation

Systems like buses, trains

Environmental racism

Minority communities face more environmental hazards

Climate change

Long-term shifts in temperature and weather

Greenhouse gases

Gases that trap heat (CO2, methane)

Carbon footprint

Total emissions caused by person/activity

Deforestation

Clearing forests

Desertification

Land becoming desert-like

Water scarcity

Lack of sufficient water

Pollution

Contamination of environment

Air pollution

Harmful substances in air

Water pollution

Contamination of water bodies

Soil erosion

Loss of topsoil

Biodiversity

Variety of life

Conservation

Protection of natural resources

National parks

Protected natural areas

Urban renewal

Redevelopment of city areas

Housing segregation

Separation of groups in housing

White flight

White residents leaving cities for suburbs

Blockbusting

Realtors encouraging selling due to racial change

Discrimination

Unfair treatment based on identity

Segregation

Separation of groups

Integration

Mixing of different groups

Civil rights

Legal protections for equality

Income inequality

Unequal distribution of wealth

Minimum wage

Lowest legal pay

Cost of living

Expenses to maintain basic life

Homelessness

Lack of stable housing

Public housing

Government-provided housing

Gated communities

Private, restricted neighborhoods

Urban hierarchy

Ranking of cities by size/influence

Primate city

Largest, most important city

Central business district

Commercial center of city

Commuting

Traveling to work

Telecommuting

Working remotely

Digital divide

Gap in tech access

E-commerce

Online buying/selling

Supply chain

Network for producing/distributing goods

Logistics

Managing flow of goods