Chapter 6: Separation Methods

Capillary electrophoresis

________ is capable of separating DNA fragments that differ by only one base pair in size.

Michael Tswett

He revolutionized analytical chemistry by developing a separation method that has evolved into a whole family of analytical techniques applicable to a huge variety of mixtures of solids, liquids, and vapors, over a large temperature range, whether they are soluble in solvents or not.

neutral substance

________ is the one that releases neither H3O+ nor OH− ions when dissolved.

Liquid Phase Extraction

It involves the separation of two or more substances in an analyte through a process where two solvents are employed.

1000°C

If a polymer such as a fiber is heated to very high temperatures, up to ________, in the absence of oxygen, it will not burn but instead will decompose into stable fragments, called pyrolyzates.

Alkaline

________ or basic substance is the one that releases hydroxide (OH−) ions when dissolved in water.

Pyrolysis

To heat in the absence of air.

acidic substance

A(n) ________ is the one that releases hydrogen ions H+ (they become hydrated in the presence of water, so they are in the form of H2O.

Electron Capture Detector

An extremely sensitive detector that is used on substances that have a halide such as chloride or bromide, or oxygen in the molecule.

Paper chromatography

________ is one of the oldest methods of separation and is still used in some applications.

Polarity

It is the tendency of the compound to behave like a miniature magnet, with a positive side and a negative side.

Stationary phases

________ have become much more efficient in separating components of an analyte and they are much more sensitive.

Pyroloysis Gas Chromatography

A modification of GC making it possible for a gas chromatograph to analyze polymers.

Thin Layer Chrimatography

A technique used to isolate non-volatile mixtures.

Gas Chromatograph

An instrument that is used to separate components of an analyte mixture using the principles of GC.

RI Detector

It measures a mobile phase with an analyte dissolved in it will refract light differently than the mobile phase alone.

Solid phase extraction

________ does not involve a partitioning mechanism.

Capillary GC

Modern GC

Gel electrophoresis

A technique used to separate DNA fragments according to their size.

Liquid phase extractions

________ are commonly used to separate mixtures of solids.

Gas Chromatography

It is the most versatile chromatography method.

stationary phase

The paper acts as a(n) ________ and the ink solvent is the mobile phase.

Liquid Phase Extraction

It involves the separation of two or more substances in an analyte through a process where two solvents are employed

Partitioning

The competition between two solvents for an analyte

Polarity

it is the tendency of the compound to behave like a miniature magnet, with a positive side and a negative side

Solid Phase Microextraction

This technique is used for very small samples

Flame Ionization Detector

produces a small flame from the reaction of hydrogen taken from a tank and oxygen from the air

Mass Spectrometer Detector

can detect and identify each analyte component as it elutes from the column

Nitrogen-Phosporous Detector

it can detect only substances that contain nitrogen or phosphorous

Thermal conductivity Detector

relies on the change in the ability of the mobile phase gas to conduct heat as it is mixed with an analyte

Electron Capture Detector

an extremely sensitive detector that is used on substances that have a halide such as chloride or bromide, or oxygen in the molecule

Pyroloysis Gas Chromatography

a modification of GC making it possible for a gas chromatograph to analyze polymers

Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometer

The GC separates a mixture into individual components and then each one can be introduced into a special sample compartment in an FTIR

Gradient Chromatography

The composition of the mobile phase can be altered during the run

Diode array detector

Measures the ultraviolet and visible spectrum of the solution as it flows through

Fluorescence Detector

Detect only those substances that exhibit fluorescence, such as the illicit drug LSD

Conductivity detector

Detects only conductors

RI Detector

Measures a mobile phase with an analyte dissolved in it will refract light differently than the mobile phase alone

Soils

Organic extractions can be done on soils and the various substances can be separated

Capillary electrophoresis

The primary methodology used for separating and detecting short tandem repeat (STR) alleles in forensic DNA laboratories worldwide