CCMA: Body structures and organ systems

Structure of the organ systems

cell, tissue, organ, organ system

anatomical position

body standing flat footed, with toes forward, legs straight, arms at the sides and head and palms facing forward

Superior(cranial)

above or closer to the head

Inferior(caudal)

below or closer to the toes

Anterior (ventral)

toward the front of the body; in front of

Posterior (dorsal)

toward the back of the body

Medial

Toward the midline of the body

Lateral

Away from the midline of the body

Proximal

Closer to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk

Distal

Farther from the trunk of the body

superficial

closer to or near the surface of the body

deep

farther Away from the body surface; more internal

Planes of the body

sagittal, frontal, transverse

sagittal plane

divides body into left and right

Frontal plane(coronal plane)

divides the body into anterior and posterior portions

transverse plane

horizontal division of the body into upper and lower portions

mid-sagittal plane

divides the body into equal left and right halves

body cavities

cranial, thoracic, abdominal, pelvic, spinal

cranial cavity

contains the brain

thoracic cavity

contains the heart, lungs, and large blood vessels

spinal cavity

contains the spinal cord

abdominal cavity

Contains stomach, intestines, spleen, and liver, and other organs

pelvic cavity

Contains urinary bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum

Body Quadrants

right upper, left upper, right lower, left lower

RUQ

right upper quadrant; contains the liver (right lobe), gallbladder, part of the pancreas, parts of the small and large intestines

RLQ

right lower quadrant (appendix)

LUQ

left upper quadrant (abdomen)

LLQ

left lower quadrant (abdomen)

integumentary system

Consists of the skin, mucous membranes, hair, and nail

skin

largest organ of the body responsible for protection, temp regulation, sensation, excretion and vit D production

sebaceous glands

secrete sebum (oil) into the hair follicles where the hair shafts pass through the dermis

sudoriferous glands

sweat glands that are distributed in the dermis over the entire body

Epidermis layers

Outer most layers containing corneum, lucidum, granulosum, spinosum, basale

Dermis layers

thick layer beneath the dermis containing arteries, veins, nerves

subcutaneous layer

loose, connective and adipose tissue layer just under the dermis

Nine regions of the abdomen

right hypochondriac, epigastric, left hypochondriac, right lumbar, umbilical, left lumbar, right iliac, hypogastric, left iliac

Axial skeleton includes

skull, hyoid bone, thoracic cage, and vertebral column.

appendicular skeleton

bones of the shoulder, pelvis, and upper and lower extremities

Ligaments

attaches bone to bone

skeletal system

Protects and supports body organs and provides a framework the muscles use to support movement. Made up of bones and joints

long bones(femur, humerus, tibia, fibula, ulna, radius)

have epiphysis, diaphysis and medullary cavity containing yellow bone marrow

Short bones are found?

in wrists and ankles (carpals and tarsals)

Flat bones are

thin with parallel surfaces

found in the skull, ribs and scapula and are thin and curved

irregular bones

bones of the vertebrae and face

sesamoid bones

round bones found near joints (e.g., the patella)

Red bone marrow produces

new blood cells

Hematopoiesis

production of blood cells

bones of the upper extremity

clavicle, scapula, humerus, radius, ulna, carpals, metacarpals, phalanges

Bones of the lower extremity

pelvic girdle, Femur (thigh bone), the tibia, fibula, tarsals (ankle bones), metatarsals (bones of the foot), and the phalanges

Bones of the axial skeleton

skull, vertebral column, thoracic cage,sacrum, coccyx, ribs,

skeletal muscle

striated and voluntary

smooth muscle

involuntary muscle found in internal organs

cardiac muscle

Involuntary muscle tissue found only in the heart.

Tendon

Connects muscle to bone

Muscular System

Allows manipulation of the environment, locomotion, and facial expression. Maintains posture, and produces heat.

lymphatic system

Defense against infection and disease

lymph nodes

small oval clumps of lymphatic tissue located at grouped intervals along lymphatic vessels

Lymph nodules are

masses of lymph tissues comprised of macrophages & lymphocytes (Structures without capsule}

thymus gland

located in the mediastinal cavity anterior to and above the heart; secretes thymosin

spleen function

the largest lymphatic organ in the body; serves as a blood reservoir, disintegrates old red blood cells, and produces lymphocytes and plasmids

interstitial fluid

fluid in the spaces between cells

Antigen

substance that triggers an immune response

antibody

A protein that acts against a specific antigen

immunoglobulins

antibodies

B-cells

a lymphocyte not processed by the thymus gland, and responsible for producing antibodies.

T cells (T lymphocytes)

specialized white blood cells that receive markers in the thymus, are responsible for cellular immunity, and assist with humoral immunity

Monocytes

*A type of white blood cell that transforms into macrophages, extends pseudopods, and engulfs huge numbers of microbes over a long period of time

*An agranular leukocyte that is able to migrate into tissues and transform into a macrophage.

naturally acquired active immunity

develops after exposure to antigens in environment

artifically acquired immunity

Result of an exposure to a vaccine containing weakened pathogens

Usually the person is asymptomatic but an immune response is stimulated

naturally acquired passive immunity

antibodies are passed from mother to fetus via the placenta and breast milk

artifically acquired passive immunity

People who get sick from hepatitis A food poisoning are given immunoglobulins to provide immediate protection. This is an example of short lasting immunity

heart

located withincentral part of chest(mediastinum)A hollow, muscular organ that pumps blood throughout the body.

Arteries

carry blood away from the heart

veins and venules

carry blood toward the heart

endocardium

Inner layer of the heart

Capillaries

smallest blood vessels, Microscopic vessel through which exchanges take place between the blood and cells of the body

Myocardium

muscular, middle layer of the heart

Pericardium

Double-layered membrane surrounding the heart.

epicardium

outer layer of the heart

SA node (sinoatrial node)

pacemaker of the heart

AV node (atrioventricular node)also known as the gate-keeper

Conduction relay node between the atria and ventricles. Signal from the SA node travels through the AV node to the ventricles

urinary system

kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra

Kidneys

Filter blood from the renal arteries and produce urine as waste

Ureters function

carry urine from kidneys to bladder

urinary bladder function

Where urine is stored before urination

Urethra

tube that carries urine from the bladder to the outside of the body

GI tract organs

oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine

Pharynx

throat; passageway for food to the esophagus and air to the larynx

Esophagus

Tube connecting the mouth to the stomach

Peristalsis

Involuntary waves of muscle contraction that keep food moving along in one direction through the digestive system.

stomach

large muscular sac that continues the mechanical and chemical digestion of food(located below diaphragm in the lUQ)

small intestine

duodenum, jejunum, ileum takes up most of the space within the abd cavity

large intestine(cecum,ascending, transverse,descending and sigmoid colon)

The last section of the digestive system, where water is absorbed from food and the remaining material is eliminated from the body

rectum

the final section of the large intestine, terminating at the anus.

anus

terminal end or opening of the digestive tract to the outside of the body

liver

Produces bile, which emulsifies fat, located RUQ

Gallbladder

stores and concentrates bile and is located inferior to the liver

pancreas function

posterior to the stomach and produces enzymes that aid with digestion

rugae of stomach

series of ridges produced by the folding of the wall of the stomach

Function:allow the stomach to expand when needed

respiratory system

Brings oxygen into the body. Gets rid of carbon dioxide.