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What was unique about the colony of Maryland in the colonial era?
^ passed a law offering religious tolerance for all christians
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How did the Jamestown colony go from being on the verge of collapse to great prosperity?
through the assistance of natives
introduction of the cash crop called tobacco
Explain the difference between an indentured servant and a slave?
indentured servant: worked for a period of time
slave: worked for their whole lives
Define mercantilism and salutary neglect.
mercantilism: a nationalist economic practice that is designed to maximize the exports and minimize the imports for an economy
salutary neglect: practice where the British government relaxed the enforcement of strict regulations on colonists in the new world
Explain how the Virginia House of Burgesses, the Fundamental Orders of Connecticut and the Mayflower Compact are connected?
^ U.S. liked better when neglected
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Identify the main cause of the French and Indian War aka...The Seven Years War.
While surveying the land of the Ohio river basin, a french diplomat died, angering the french towards the british which triggered the war
Why was the formation of the Albany Plan of Union during the Seven Years historically important?
1700’s (1750)
fight between Britain & France -> goes within the U.S. (about whos going to control North America)
French - Indian War
Colonies need to decide to either help Britain or French
1st time colonists talk about forming an organization
delegates meet and form an intercolonial alliance to help the British out -> didn’t like that because they believe that if they do they might revel and separate from britain
Identify some of the main causes of the American Revolution?
Stamp Act 1765: required tax stamp for all paper products made IN the colonies -> Stamp Act Congress: only colonial representatives can impose taxes on the colonies! boycott! -> Britain removed the stamp act but then passed the declaratory act which stated that they have total authority over the colonies!
New laws placed b/c american colonists were used to salutary neglect and didn’t like how involved Britain is starting to get in the colonies
Boston Massacre: confrontation between british soldiers and colonists (5 colonists dead)
Boston Tea Party: (Tea Act 1773: British eat india company were now were the only ones allowed to sell tea in colonies) sons of liberty threaten merchants to send the tea back and they didn’t, they dumped their tea into the Boston Harbor
The intolerable Acts (The Coercive Acts 1774): closed down port in boston, banned town meetings, abolished massachusetts legislature, attempted murder towards british officials will be tried in britain NOT the colonies
How did Thomas Paine contribute to the cause of American independence?
Britain man
wrote pamphlet “Common Sense”
earliest form of propaganda
to join the patriots (rebellion) to separate from Britain
Describe why the Declaration of Independence was so radical for its day?
first formal statement by a nation that asserted their right to choose their own government against a (extremely powerful) monarchy
Describe how the British planned to defeat the colonists in the early days of the American Revolution?
launch an attack on the “rebels” from Canada
Cut the new england rebels off the from the rest of the colonies -> intimidate the americans into surrender
How did Shay’s Rebellion influence the men who came to Philadelphia to fix the Articles of Confederation?
Shay Rebellion: farmers in debt shut down the courthouse in Philadelphia to prevent the judges from issuing papers to take their land away
b/c of the article of confederation, the federal government couldn’t step in to help put down the rebellion
emphasized how weak the federal government was under the articles of confederation because of the lack of power
Identify a few of the key weaknesses in the Articles of Confederation.
^ shows that A.O.C. gave little power to the federal government and mark more to the states |
Why is the Northwest Ordinance of 1787 considered one of the few SUCCESSES of the government under the Articles of Confederation.
1787: articles of confederation -> (Shays Rebellion!) Constitutions
Northwest Ordinance: set up a system to become a state
set up a state government
ratify the new constitution
at least 60,000 people
What were some of the compromises at the Constitutional Convention?
standing army
Congress: 1. HOR (1 representative/1,000 people) 2. Senate (2 representative per state)
⅗ths compromise (one slave counts as 3/5ths of a person)
executive (POTUS): 4 year term
aka. connecticut compromise
How were the ideas of the Federalists and Anti-federalists different from one another?
Federalists:
northerners, merchants, bankers & urban dwellers
an economy based on manufacturing, banking, business and small farms
if there is a conflict between state and federal law, the federal law will stand (supremacy clause of constitution)
Britain has always been our trading partner and we have family ties with them too! the war is over, let bygones be bygones and strengthen bonds and trade with the british
Anti-Federalists (Democratic-Republicans):
southerns, farmers, rural dwellers
an economy based on agricultural production, this is what we alway were both large and small farms
state power must be protected at all costs! stats can nullify a federal law if they think it's unconstitutional (amendment x)
France helped us win the war by coming to our assistance, we have an open alliance with them and it should continue and expand!
Describe the importance of the Federalist Papers?
federalist were pro-constitution ->liked stronger federal government
jay, hamilton, madison wrote a series of articles called __ to convince the american public that it was ratify the new constitution
checks & balances, sharing of power between states and federal gov.
Explain how the “necessary and proper/elastic clause" strengthened the authority of the Federal government.
(clause 18)
allows congress to “stretch” a power they already have
FLEXIBILITY
How does the impeachment process work?
H.O.R introducts statement of charges -> House Judiciary Committee analyzes accusations (if valid) -> H.O.R. debate and vote (if majority votes yes) -> charges are brought forward to the senate and they write the bill of indictment & inform the president -> senate trial -> senate jury deliberates & votes (if 2-3 thirds of the senate vote yes) -> official is convicted & removed from office
Identify a few important powers of the President.
veto & sign bills
enforce laws that are passed
act as Commander-in-chief during a war
can grant reprieves & pardons
negotiate and sign treaties
Why is the SCOTUS case of Marbury v Madison so important?
Describe three features that allow the Constitution to adapt to modern times.
Election 1800: (Fed.) POTUS John Adams, Secretary of state John Marshall VS (D-R) POTUS Thomas Jefferson, Secretary of state J. Madison
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Identify some of the key concepts of the Bill of Rights.
Bill of rights: provides protection for american people and limits the power of the government
freedom of speech, religion, protests and press (even if its grievances of the government)
secure privacy of persons and houses from unreasonable searches/seizures without a warrant
can’t be charged with the same offense twice,
right to a trial no matter what
convicted can not be charged a ridiculous amount of money or face cruel or unusual punishments
any powers not written for the government is then reserved for the states/people
Warnings in Washington’s Farewell Address?
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What was controversial about Hamilton’s plan for a national bank?
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Why did George Washington feel it was so necessary to personally put down the Whiskey Rebellion?
whiskey was worth a lot!
apart of hamilton's plans was to put a tax on whiskey -> farmers got very angry
rode into town to put down the rebellion
he was trying to prove that the government has more power and wasn’t going to be intimidated by the uprising, that there were no more weaknesses in the government
What major issues plagued John Adams during his presidency?
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What are some of the important decisions made by the Marshall Court?
^ Judicial Review allows S.C. to nullify a law or any other government action that violates the constitution
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Why was the purchase of Louisiana a controversial decision for Thomas Jefferson?
Louisiana Purchase:
it was controversial because many believed overstepped his constitutional authority as president in buying the land |
In what manner was the War of 1812 helpful to the U.S. despite the cost and lives lost?
it helped forge the united states into a nation boosted national self-confidence because they beat the “most powerful” nation twice!a gained respect |
What was the American System (Clay System)?
henry clay makes up this system
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Why was the Monroe Doctrine issued?
To stop any further colonization of central and south america
wrote john quincy
issued by monroe
a warning to the European countries: “the western hemisphere is the american hemisphere!”
America doesn’t have the power to back this up but Britain helps out so that their enemies won't gain any more territory.
Compromise/Henry Clay
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Define the spoils system.
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Why did the Southern states oppose the tariffs of 1816, 1824, and 1828?
tariff - tax on imported goods
^ encouraged american public to buy american goods
southerners hated this because when they sell their products to europe, europe countries put tariffs on their goods now as retaliation to american tariff
-manufactrioning is mainly done in the north
- The south grows and sells crops (agriculture), they sell their products to Europe (cotton, tobacco!)
They feel as if they are losing money, and have to spend more money when buying from America then in europe.
they feel as if the tariffs only benefit the manufacturer/the north
Why did Andrew Jackson oppose the National Bank? HOW did he do it?
why: claimed that the bank was unconstitutional and was harmful to the american people, favored gold & silver then paper money
how: actively worked against the bank and vetoed the Bank Recharter Bill
What was the Trail of Tears?
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How did the U.S. gain Texas? Oregon? California and Nevada?
Mexican-American war -> treaty of guadalupe hidalgo, oregon treaty, annexation of texas
Why did people flock to California in the 1840’s and 1850’s?
gold rush
Explain the work of one of the following: Joseph Smith, Doretha Dix, Horace Mann, Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott, and Lyman Beecher, Frederick Douglass, Sojourner Truth.
Joseph smith: american religious leader & founder of Mormonism & Latter Day Saint movement Doretha Dix: advocate and reformer of the movement in the realm of mental illness Horace Mann: promoted public education Elizabeth Cady Stanton: leader in women's rights movement and organized the first woman's rights convention & co-author of the declaration of sentiments Lucretia Mott: first president of the american equal rights association (organization formed to achieve equality for african americans and women); advocated for abolition of slavery & womens suffrage Lyman Beecher: leading religious revivalists, social reformer, abolitionists and Frederick Douglass: an escaped slave who became a prominent activists, author and public speaker Sojourner's Truth: famous abolitionist and women's rights speeches “Ain’t I a Woman?” |
Why did the Know Nothing party develop in the early to mid-1800’s?
more a social group morphs into political anti-immigrant political organization called that because when asked about it they respond “i know nothing” they begin targeting immigrants (germans & irish)
they are nativists: america should be only for people born in america |
Explain the details of the Compromise of 1850.
after the mexican war -> a bunch of land
california applies to be a free state, this triggers a chaos
Southerners don't want this because it’ll be an imbalance in power since California is a huge state.
henry comes up with the compromise of 1850: california will come in free and will pass Fugitive Slave Law: made it so that you can call any black person an escaped slave, you MUST help capture them or you’ll be put in jail
this makes it so its no longer safe to escape to the north -> must go to canada
What is the importance of Uncle Tom’s Cabin? |
it had a major influence on the way the american public viewed slavery
Explain the Kansas Nebraska Act and how it is connected to “Bleeding Kansas.”
Kansas Nebraska Act:
transcontinental R.R>
Split Louisiana territory into to nebraska (free) and kansas (popular sovereignty)
Bleeding Kansas:
blood shed by pro-slavery and anti-slavery groups
What was the Supreme Court’s decision in the case of Dred Scott v. Sanford?
dred scott's owners moved to free territory -> his master dies, the wife decides that she's gonna lease out her slave for work down into louisiana (slave state)
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Define one of the following: secession, popular sovereignty and sectionalism
secession: the action of withdrawing formally from membership of a federation or body, especially a political state
popular sovereignty: government based on consent of the people
sectionalism: overemphasized political, economic, social loyalty to a specific region of a country rather than the country as a whole
Why was Lincoln’s election as President in 1860 so controversial?
despite receiving less than 40% of the popular vote, he easily won the electoral college vote over stephen douglas
Why did riots occur in places like NYC during the Civil War?
working class citizens were angry over the new federal draft law during the civil war
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Why did Abraham Lincoln issue the Emancipation Proclamation (1863) if he knew it wouldn’t really free any slaves?
he issued it as a military and moral tool
military: freed slaves can now join the unions army to fight against the confederates
tool for recruitment
moral:
What was General Sherman’s plan (enacted in the fall of 1864) for forcing the Confederates to surrender
“March to the Sea”: campaign that led troops through confederate states while pillaging and destroying military outposts and civilian properties. a way to hurt the confederacy's ability to wage war, forcing them to surrender
How were Lincoln’s & Johnson’s plans for Reconstruction different from the Radical Republicans?
Johnson’s Plan:
Radical Republican Plan:
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What was the purpose of the Freedmen's Bureau?
to provide food, shelter, clothing, education, legal assistance (negotiate contracts between formerly enslaved persons and landowners), located family members, medical services and land to displaced, newly freed african americans & refugees
Identify the 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments and how they protected black Americans in principle?
13th- free (no more slavery)
14th- citizens (= protection for freemen)
15th- vote (if you are a citizen, you are allowed to vote)
How did Southern states get around laws such as the 13th, 14th and 15th Amendments? |
13th- free (no more slavery)
14th- citizens (= protection for freemen)
15th- vote (if you are a citizen, you are allowed to vote)
promoted sharecropping
grandfather clause + poll tax + literacy test
Jim crow laws (black codes: earliest form of jim crow laws)
How did the Alien and Sedition Acts affect the relations between the two political parties? |
the federalist dominated congress enacted the Alien and Sedition acts as a way of increasing power of the Adams presidency and further centralizing the government
Manifest Destiny
white-settlers belief that they are destined to expand across America (imperialism)
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The Mexican-American War
the annexation of texas
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