AP Pysch - Development Unit

cross sectional research

a research design that compares groups of people who differ in age but are similar in other important characteristics for a cognitive study

longitudinal research

a research design in which the same individuals are studied (over time) for a long time

ACE (adverse childhood experiences)

traumatic events that happen between the ages of 1 and 17. effects relationships people form throughout their lifespan, it impacts you later as you are developing

Achievement

established identity

zygote

fertilized egg

embryo

the developing human organism from about 2 weeks after fertilization through the second month

fetus

the developing human organism from 9 weeks after conception to birth

teratogens

agents that damage the process of development, they reach the fetus and cause birth defects

examples: drugs, alcohol, bacteria, viruses, chemicals
maternal illness, genetic mutations, hormones, environmental factors

Foreclosure

Committing to a goal because of parents, a goal the parents chose for them

Diffusion

no commitment in anywhere shape or form and NOT trying to figure it out, has no idea what to do in life

maturation

unfolding of natural/innate biological patterns, biological growth processes that enables changes in behavior, uninfluenced by experience

Adolescents develop a sense of identity through…

Diffusion, Foreclosure, Achievement, Moratorium

social clock

culturally preferred timing of social events, when certain things should have happened according to society such as marriage, parenthood, and retirement

temperament

an infants emotional activity, how do they react to people

Moratorium

trying to make a choice and figure out what you’re going to do in life

rooting

a reflex in which a newborn turns its head in response to a gentle stimulus on its cheek

Authoritarian

they made the rules and nothing else goes, my way or the highway, super strict

contact comfort

study with monkeys, babies prefer comfort over food

babinski

fanning and curling toes when foot is stroked

moro/startle reflex

throwing back the head and extending the arms, then rapidly drawing them in, in response to a loud sound or sudden movement

grasping (palmar reflex)

to take hold of somebody or something firmly, especially with the hand

school age

children play together, engage with friends via play

imprinting

the process by which certain animals form attachments during a critical period very early in life

critical periods

The time window in which something must be acquired. increased sensitivity to environment in order to master skill or task

separation anxiety

child is stressed of leaving the person that is their typical caregiver

strange situation

babies either develop a secure attachment or insecure attachment

secure attachment

an infant is happy to see mother after separation

insecure attachment

children do not trust their caregivers consistently and may show resistance or avoidance towards them

Erik Erikson

Made the theory of 8 psycho-social stages of development: theory shows how people evolve through the life span

parallel play

play side by side but not actually interacting with each other

basic trust

according to Erik Erikson, a sense that the world is predictable and trustworthy; said to be formed during infancy by appropriate experiences with responsive caregivers

pretend play

children play pretend together, interacting

authoritarian parents tend to have children with _____

self esteem issues, and may develop lying habits, they tend to rebel, poor decision-makers, because of strict rules

authoritative parents tend to have children that are ______

happy, responsible, self confident, better decision makers, and successful

permissive parents tend to have children that ____

struggle academically, not responsible, don't respect authority, and report sadness and low self-esteem

uninvloved parents tend to have children that ______

struggle academically, don't respect authority, report sadness and low self-esteem, and have behavior issues

Authoritative

Yes there’s rules and consequences but also flexible

what parenting styles have a high level of control?

authoritative & authoritarian

Permissive

even if there are rules, there’s no consequence for breaking them

sensorimotor stage

babies experiencing the world through senses. object permanence
Age range: birth - 2 years

Sensorimotor Developmental Phenomena

object permanence, stranger anxiety

preoperational stage

Representing things with words and images, but lacking logical reasoning, lack of conservation, theory of mind
Age: 2-6 years

egocentric, theory of the mind, symbolic thinking, animism

preoperational stage developmental phenomena

pretend play, egocentrism, language development

stranger anxiety

the fear of strangers that infants commonly display, beginning by about 8 months of age

symbolic thinking

ability to pretend, play make-believe, and have an imagination, use of symbols to represent the world

concrete operational stage

children have more rational and logical thinking. they gain the mental ability to comprehend mathematical transformations and conservation. conservation
Age: 7-11 years

concrete operational developmental phenomena

conservation, mathematical transformations

mathematical transformations

able to compute reversible math equations easily

conservation

the principle that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects, change in shape doesn’t mean change in quantity

formal operational stage

Abstract thinking: involving imagined realities and symbols
Age:12-adulthood

formal operational developmental phenomena

abstract logic, potential for moral reasoning, hypothetical reasoning

assimilation

integrating new information into existing cognitive schemas

example: seeing dog and thinking its a cat because 4 legs

accommodation

adapting or altering our current understandings (schemas) in response to new information that doesn’t match up existing schemas

example: a child adapts the existing schema to incorporate the knowledge that some four-legged animals are horses.

schemas

cognitive structure, framework that organizes and interprets information

cognition

all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating

social development psychologists

Harry Harlow, Konrad Lorenz, Mary Ainsworth, Erik Erikson, Diana Baumrind

cognitive development psycologists

Jean Piaget & Lev Vygotsky

Jean Piaget

Known for his theory of cognitive development in children

Lev Vygotsky

most famous for social development theory (of child cognitive development)

scaffolding

the support for learning and problem solving that encourages independence and growth

zone of proximal development

the area where they are learning. the area between what a child has already learned and what they are about to learn if they receive proper guidance and instruction

More Knowledgeable Other

we turn to a More Knowledgeable Other (MKO) as we learn tasks and skills

example of a MKO

parent, teacher, or other adult

trust vs. mistrust

infants learn to trust when they are cared for, parents fulfilling the needs of a child
trust = needs met, mistrust = no needs met

autonomy vs. shame & doubt (2-3 years old)

a toddler learns to do things independently, they express self control, say no, and try to do things themselves; failure causes parents to shame and doubt them

initiative vs. guilt (4-5 years)

child finds independence in planning, playing and other activities. The child has more responsibility, and asks why all the time. parents make them feel bad for asking questions

industry vs. inferiority (6 - 11 years)

the child learns to be productive, they go through hard work and learning. How are teachers and parents making the child feel when they’re getting, or not getting, what they’re learning

identity vs. role confusion (adolescence)

which teenagers and young adults search for and become their true selves, who am i, trying to figure out identity, looks to role models and peer groups to develop plans for the future

intimacy vs. isolation (young adulthood)

individuals form deeply personal relationships, marry, begin families. learning to share yourself and finding someone to share yourself with

generativity vs. isolation (Middle Adulthood)

have found meaning in work or parenthood. thinking if you have done enough or not, responsibility for next generation, have they accomplished something worth while, volunteering and giving back to the community

integrity vs. despair (Late Adulthood)

those near the end of life look back and evaluate their lives. fulfillment, pride, regret, happy or sad, what would they have done differently

primary sex characteristics

the body structures (ovaries, testes, and external genitalia) needed for sexual reproduction

secondary sex characteristics

non-reproductive sexual characteristics, such as female breasts and hips, male voice getting deeper, and body hair

menarche

the first menstrual period

"Storm and Stress"

G. Stanley Hall's phrase for the intense moodiness, emotional sensitivity, and risk-taking tendencies that characterize the life stage he labeled adolescence

imaginary audience

adolescents belief that they are the focus of everyone else's attention and concern, everybody is watching them, they feel like they’re under constant surveillance

personal fable

type of thought common to adolescents in which young people believe themselves to be unique and protected from harm, that no one understands what you’re going through

menopause

cessation of menstruation, women’s inability to reproduce

five stages of grief

1. Denial
2. Anger
3. Bargaining
4. Depression
5. Acceptance

crystalized intelligence

facts and knowledge that have accumulated over time; tends to increase with age

example of crystallized intelligence

Reading comprehension and vocabulary exams

fluid intelligence

our ability to reason speedily and abstractly; tends to decrease during late adulthood, declines as people age

example of fluid intelligence

solving puzzles and coming up with problem-solving strategies

Alzeheimer's Disease (AD)

A progressive disease that destroys the brain's neurons, gradually impairing memory, thinking, language, and other cognitive functions

gender stereotypes

overgeneralizations about the behavior of people based on their gender, rooted in society and developed as societal norms

sex

the biological/genetic distinction between females and males. child’s sex is genetically determined by father

gender

socially influenced characteristics by which people define male and female. attitudes, feelings, and behavior, that a given culture associates with a person’s biological sex

Homosexuality

gay (studies shown genetic predisposition, twin studies)

X chromosome

The sex chromosome found in both men and women. Females have two X chromosomes; males have one.

Y chromosome

the sex chromosome found only in males

sexual orientation

a person's romantic and emotional attraction to another person. based on genetics, prenatal hormones, and social influences

gender identity

personal sense of being male or female (or neither or combo)

testosterone

Male sex hormone

gender roles

expected behaviors, attitudes, and traits for men and women, can be based on culture

Sexualization

the acts or processes whereby an individual or group is seen as sexual in nature or persons become aware of their sexuality

morality of women

idea from Carol Gilligan that women strive to survive, but self-sacrifice for goodness, and believe in nonviolence

why did Gilligan disagree with Kohlberg?

he only worked with white males